Itgc review of the foods fantastic company

Itgc polish up of the foods hazardous comp bothSeveral months ago, you started running(a) at a large universal accounting firm as an IT staff analyzeor. You ar flowingly working on your graduation exerciseborn as stigmament, an ITGC follow of the Foods Fantastic Comp severally (FFC). FFC is a publicly traded, portional grocery store chain, headquartered in Mason, Maryland, and accepts 50 stores located in the mid-Atlantic argona. The centralized data nerve center(a) is in Mason. FFC relies on an interconnected suite of practise programs that take on state-of-the-art computing machine software to manage swap replenishment, store- level sales forecasting, and point-of-sale data. For theoretical account, FFC relies on bar code scanners and assurance/debit card readers. To maintain its competitive edge in its marketplace area, FFC newly implemented a fingerprint bio-coding payment remains in entirely of its stores. This refreshing placements capital punish ment needed that FFC change several of its general-ledger application programs in particular, those link to its cash proceeds processing. FFC does not role whatsoever removed service organizations to erect its IT services.Sophie Ewing, the audit senior who heads up your squad, contumacious that because of FFCs complex and sophisticated IT processing, an IT superior general checker (ITGC) refresh is man- datory to meet SAS 109s encounter assessment procedures and SOX Section 404 guidance Assessment of home(a) Controls requirements. You know that an ITGC check out article is very classic because ITGCs provide the foundation for reliance on any financial information FCCs systems produce. Your evaluation will affect the financial auditor in assessing the risk of material misstatement in FFCs financials, and consequently, the audit plan. At your first team meeting, Sophie announced that your firms network credential measures specialists would review the technical iss ues related to FFCs indispensable run acrosss. They will evaluate FFCs operating systems, its telecommunications software, and its network configuration and firew tout ensembles.In preparation for the meeting, Sophie encouraged you to review the light upon provisions taked in SAS 109, SOX Section 404, applicable sections of PCAOB Auditing Standard No. 5, and your firms internal guidance, which hosts ITGCs into the following tail fin areas IT wariness, systems discipline, data gage, change management, and cable continuity planning (BCP).IT managements key concepts include ITs position within the organization, whether IT goals are aligned with the organizations strategic goals, the use of an IT guidance com- mittee, and whether the IT departments structure promotes seemly segregation of duties to protect the organizations as effects. Your primary concerns areDoes FFC endure an IT strategic plan? To whom does the antique schooling officer (CIO) report? What key responsi bility areas report to the CIO? Does FFC shit an IT steering committee? Is so, who are the members?Issues in report Education, February 2009Assessing education Techno lumbery General Control pretend An instructional fount 65Systems DevelopmentThe key concepts within systems development include the existence of a upstart systems implementation methodology, externalise management, pre- and post-implementation reviews, quality control, complete testing, and demonstrated compliance with the selected imple- mentation methodology. Based on this understanding, your teams primary concerns are Does FFC design, develop, and implement systems in a logical fashion? Does the organization affect internal controls as an integral part of systems designor does it retrofit them after implementation? To what extent is FFCs Internal Audit department problematic in systems developmentactivities? Is it part of the project review team? Is it a voting member of the team? In particular, how w ell did FFC manage the development and implementation of itsnew fingerprint bio-coding payment system?Data certificationThe critical concepts within data bail include adherence to an established infor- mation security indemnity, door approval on a need-to-know solid ground, periodic whirling or change of admission price controls, monitoring, exception reporting, and incident response. Data security has both physiological and logical aspects. On the physical side, data security includes physical feeler and environmental controls over the data center information processing system manner. On the logical side, data security includes policies related to battle cry configuration, change, and chronicle re- strictions. Logical security similarly includes prompt review, modification, or removal of rise to power due to personnel department transfers, promotions, and terminations. Your teams primary concerns are How well does FFC control physical introduction to its data ce nter figurer room? Is FFCs electronic computer room adequately protected against environmental dangers, such asfire? Does FFC control logical access to its information systems? In particular, how does itcontrol the logical access of terminated or transferred employees? Does FFC have a current IT security form _or_ system of government? Does FFC produce access violation reports? Do FFC IT personnel adhere to IT indemnity and follow IT procedures? For example, do grant personnel review any access violation reports and take the prescribed action? veer focussing form Managements key concepts include enumerationed change procedures, drug user au- thorization and approval, separation of duties in implementing changes, management re- view, quality control, and adequate testing. Your audit teams primary concerns are Does FFC have (and follow) formal change management procedures? In particular, did FFC follow these procedures when making any demand changes to its current applica tion programs because of the new bio-coding payment system? For example Were the changes approved? Did the programmers adequately test the changes before putting them into takings? Did the application programmer(s) that made thecode changes, test the changes, and/or put them into production? tune tenacity PlanningKey concepts of BCP are managements expectations regarding a timely recovery of processing capabilities, the existence of a written plan, the currency of the plan, offsiteIssues in Accounting Education, February 200966 Norman, Payne, and Vendrzykstorage of both the plan and data files, and testing of the plan. Your audit teams main concerns areDoes FFC have a written BCP plan? Is it current? When is the last time FFC tested its plan? Does FFC back up its software and data? How often? Where do they store the mounts? Did FFC need to recover its systems victimization its backups during the former(prenominal) fiscal course? data Collected During the ITGC Review to a lower place Sophie Ewings direction, you and early(a) members of the audit team worked very diligently reviewing FFCs policies and procedures, interviewing FFC client personnel, and sight FFCs various trading operations and procedures related to its ITGCs. First, your team created an organization chart to document the FFCs management structure (see Ex- hibit 1). queer 2 reflects the information your team hoard from interviews, observations, and reviews of corroborating documentation related to FFCs ITGCs. expose 1 Foods Fantastic troupe makeup ChartExecutive Vice President and Chief Financial incumbent (CFO)Senior Vice President and ControllerSenior Vice President, Internal AuditSenior Vice President and Chief Information incumbent (CIO)Senior Vice President and TreasurerVice President, ApplicationsVice President, trading operationsVice President, Information SecurityVice President, Database Administration (Currently V acant)Issues in Accounting Education, February 2009Assessing Information Technology General Control Risk An instructional Case 67EXHIBIT 2 Foods Fantastic Company IT General Control (ITGC) Review NotesNotes from meetings with the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) Foods Fantastic Company (FFC) implemented a new bio-coding payment system in in all of its stores this foregone tense fiscal year. FFCs IT Executive Steering Committee develops IT policies and reviews the general operations of the IT department. The voting members of the committee are1. the Senior Vice President (SrVP) and Chief Information Officer (CIO) 2. the VP, Applications 3. the VP, Data Base Administration (DBA) 4. the VP, Operations5. the VP, Information Security (IS) 6. the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (CFO) 7. the SrVP, Internal Audit The IT Executive Steering Committee revised FFCs security policy in 2005. The policy addresses all organizational security issues including IT. FFC has no documented business continuity or disaster recovery plan. Manage ment believes such a plan is cost-prohibitive for an organization of its size and FFC has never experienced any major business disruption. In case of disaster, the data center passenger vehicle would retrieve the roughly recent backup tapes that are stored offsite. FFC would use these files to recover its systems.Notes from meetings with the SrVP, Internal Audit FFCs Internal Audit Department is involved as a voting member of the project teams responsible for design, development, and implementation of new projects. Internal audit performs post- implementation reviews on all projects over $2 million. The new bio-coding payment system was 25 percent over its sign time budget and 40 percent over its initial dollar budget.Notes from meetings with the CIO The VP, Applications is currently responsible for the DBA function. However, the CIO reviews the logs that show the actions of the Application VPs user ID. FFC has an IT strategic plan, which is consistent with its corporate strategi c plan. The IT strategic plan outlines the objectives and strategies that the information systems group will implement to assist FFC in meeting its overall business objectives. FFC adopted Structured Systems Analysis and Design Methodology (SSADM), an industry- recognized received for systems development and project management. All projects (buy or build) follow the applicable SSADM phases. The CIO sporadically reviews each projects required budget-to-actual reconciliation. FFCs security policy states that the VP, IS is to conduct a user audit on a quarterly basis. The appropriate department manager reviews electronically submitted reports that list each users profile, note changes on the reports, and return the reports to the VP, IS. The VP and so makes the appropriate modifications ground on the returned reports. The VP maintains the reports, and initials and dates the report after completing all modifications.Notes from meetings with the VP, Human Resources FFC is currently i nterviewing individuals to assume the DBAs responsibilities and hopes to hire someone within the succeeding(a) sextet to eight months. Aside from the security policy, management does not provide any formalized security awareness programs related to data security. from each one month, the Human Resources department onward a Transfers and Terminations report to the VP, IS.(continued on undermentioned page)Issues in Accounting Education, February 200968 Norman, Payne, and VendrzykEXHIBIT 2 (continued) Notes from meetings with the VP, Applications The VP, Applications assigns a project manager and develops an initial time and dollar budget for each new development project. IT personnel adequately tested the new bio-coding payment system prior to its implementation. This testing included integration testing, stress testing, and user word sense testing. user depart- ments corroborated their testing and acceptance of the new system. Application programmers do not have access to the computer room unless escorted by data center personnel (e.g., an operator). FFC instituted formal procedures for change management. The VP, Applications is responsible for change management and maintains all documentation in a fireproof vault in his office. A tack Request form initiates all application software changes, including required software up- grades. A user completes the form, which the users department manager approves. The user forwards the put across form to the VP, Applications, who logs each request in a diverseness Request Log. The VP performs an initial analysis and feasibility study and estimates the required devel- opment hours. The Change Request log is a listing of all requested changes and the situation of the change request. The VP, Applications uses this log to track open items and follow up on changes not completed within the original time estimate. The VP, Applications assigns the change request to an applications programmer and issues the current system s documention to the programmer. The applications programmer copies the source code from the systems production region to its development region and makes the change. The pro- grammer works in the systems development region utilize test data. The programmer tests the change first within the affected faculty and then within the entire application. Changes are never tested against production data. The programmer updates the necessary systems documentation. The applications programmer migrates the code to the systems test region. A insurgent programmer performs systems integration testing, volume testing, and user acceptance testing, again development test files. The second programmer then performs a quality review of the change, including a source- compare analysis, and reviews the updated systems documentation. Upon completion of testing, the user who requested the change and the appropriate department manager review the test results and accept the change by signing the original request form. The VP, Applications reviews the user-approved request form on which the department manager has indicated that s/he is satisfied that the program is ready for implementation. The VP, Applications also reviews the documentation prior to implementing any new or changed program to crack that the documentation is adequate. The VP, Applications approves the change, initials the change request form, and transfers the change to the VP, Operations, who officially accepts the change. The VP, Applications then updates the Change Request log and returns the revised systems documentation to the fireproof vault.Notes from meetings with the VP, Operations FFCs computer room, within its data center, is locked at all times. All outside contractors or visitors moldiness first contact the data center manager for inlet into the computer room. Each must bring an official picture ID, sign a visitors log, and be escorted at all times by data center personnel during the visit. In 2002, FFC installed video cameras on all doors immersion the computer room to record activity 24/7. Building management staff, who report to the facilities manager, are responsible for main- taining these tapes. The VP, Operations has not needed to review these tapes for at least sixer months since no unathorized access take ons have been reported. environmental controls are in place in the computer room (i.e., temperature controls, uninter- rupted baron supply, a backup generator, fire-extinguishing equipment, and raised floor). Appro- priate maintenance staff test these controls semi-annually. FFC backs up all of its data each day. It stores its most recent daily backup once a week at a company-owned offsite location, along with the most recent version of its software. FFC did not test backup tapes during the past year and has no plan to test these tapes in the future. The VP, Operations assigns IT operations personnel the task of placing new or changed appli- cations programs into pro duction after the VP, Applications has approved the work.(continued on adjacent page)Issues in Accounting Education, February 2009Assessing Information Technology General Control Risk An Instructional Case 69EXHIBIT 2 (continued) Notes from meetings with the VP, Information Security The VP, IS grants keycard access to the computer room. The VP, IS receives a keycard access report for the computer room on a monthly basis. The VP, IS determines if an self-appointed access attempt into the computer room has occurred. word of honors are not displayed on terminals or reports. Password standards are enforced by security software. FFC requires a minimum password length of six alphanumeric or special characters and a level best length of nine alphanumeric or special characters. The software prevents the equivalent character from being used more than once in a password and prevents numbers from being used next to each other in a password. The security software forces users to change the ir pass- words double each year. The security software maintains a history of two preliminary passwords and does not permit employees to reuse their two most recent passwords. The security software does not display statistics regarding employees sign-on information. For example, there is no infor- mation regarding a users sign-on attempts (such as date and time of last sign-on), number of invalid sign-on attempts since last boffo sign-on, or number of days prior to password expiration. The system allows 3 access attempts. If the third attempt is unsuccessful, the user ID is automatically disabled. The user must contact the VP, IS to reset the user ID. The system gen- erates a logical access violation report on a daily basis. User access is limited to workstations within the corresponding responsibility area. For example, users with access to the Accounts account payable staff can only log in from workstations located in the Accounts Payable area. A workstation can stand idle for up to 60 legal proceeding before the user is logged off. The VP, IS is responsible for maintaining user profiles and authorization lists. The VP grants access to the system to new hires. The appropriate department manager completes a computerized form that specifies the proper level of access. The VP reviews the request form for proper approvals and then either approves or denies the request. If approved, the VP issuesthe necessary ID and initial password with the requested access via encrypted email. Normal users may have multiple IDs. Each user ID can log on to one sign-on session at a time. The VP, IS, who has unlimited access, can log in from any workstation and have multiple sign-on sessions. The VP, IS is responsible for modifying and/or disabling user IDs for personnel whose job dutieschange because of promotions, transfers, and/or terminations based on the Transfers and Ter- minations report. The VP, IS maintains the report, and initials and dates the report when the V P, IS has made all of the modifications.Notes from meeting with the facilities manager, who reports to the VP, Human Resources agree to the facilities manager, no one asked to view the computer room video tapes during the past six months.Observations of the audit team Documentation of the systems development process for the new bio-coding payment system confirms that the VP, Applications complied with SSADM requirements when implementing this new system. The data center is on the first floor of FFCs building. The data center manager reports to the VP, Operations. Company policy requires the VP, IS to review the keycard access report at least once per quarter. During the past six months, the VP has not reviewed the report for any unauthorized access attempts. The team discover no instances in which application programmers were in the computer room without a proper escort. The team observed no instances in which visitors or outside contractors were in the computer room without a pro per escort.(continued on next page)Issues in Accounting Education, February 200970 Norman, Payne, and VendrzykEXHIBIT 2 (continued) Documentation of the computer room environment controls test results for the last 18 months shows no irregularities. These files are in the CIOs office. If someone attempts to enter the computer room without authorization, company policy requires that the VP, Operations review the video tapes from the computer room cameras within 24 hours. The FFC security policy requires each employee to sign an acknowledgment that s/he read thecurrent policy. A review of the personnel files of a assay of employees found no exceptions. A review of the selected user profiles and passwords revealed the followingUser Vice President, Applications Vice President, Information SystemsPassword 7LiAcOf QSECOFR1Note The acronym QSECOFR looks familiar. Remember to review A Beginners Guide to Auditing the AS/400 Operating System (Bines 2002). During the past six months, the dat es of the modifications were about three weeks after the VP, IS received the HRs Transfers and Terminations report. The VP, IS performed the most recent user audit eight months ago. Company policy requires the VP, IS to review the unauthorized system access report on a monthlybasis to check for unusual activity (e.g., multiple violations, changes to the authorization lists, etc.). During the past six months, the VP, IS has not reviewed the report for any unauthorized access attempts. The audit team verified that FFC followed its approved change management procedures when making the bio-code payment-related changes to its cash receipts processing and other financial reporting application programs. In the past fiscal year, no incidents occurred that required FFC to recover its systems using its backup tapes.Case RequirementsSophie Ewing assigned your team the following tasks1. For each ITGC area, identify the control issues and elucidate them as strengths or weak- nesses, using Exhi bit 3 to document your work. Exhibit 3 will be part of the audit teams work papers.2. narrow down the level of risk (High, Medium, or Low) that you believe is present in each particular ITGC area.3. Assess the overall risk of the organizations ITGCs, taking into consideration the volt separate risk assessments that you just made (task 2 above), and their relative impor- tance to internal controls over FFCs financial reporting.4. Prepare a report that documents and appropriately supports your overall IT risk as- sessment (task 3), using the guidance Sophie provided in Exhibit 4. You must include a statement explicitly stating your overall risk assessment in the reports concluding section and attach your completed ITGCs matrix.Issues in Accounting Education, February 2009Assessing Information Technology General Control Risk An Instructional Case 71EXHIBIT 3 Foods Fantastic Company IT General Controls Matrix diverge A Strengths and helplessnessesITGC Area Summary of Issue Strength o r WeaknessIT Management FFC has an IT strategic plan StrengthPart B Risk Assessment for each ITGC area (Indicate Low, Medium or High)ITGC AreaIT Management Systems Development Data Security Change Management Business Continuity PlanningRisk AssessmentIssues in Accounting Education, February 200972 Norman, Payne, and VendrzykEXHIBIT 4 piece GuidanceIT General Controls Risk Assessment Report Foods Fantastic Company Students Name DateBackground Write a short description of Foods Fantastic Company (FFC) and why the ITGC review is necessary (2-3 sentences).Purpose Briefly describe the purpose of an ITGC review and why it is important (2-3 sentences). Scope Provide a short description of the work your team performed at Foods Fantastic to developyour risk assessment (3-4 sentences).Findings Elaborate on the key finding(s) that influenced your overall risk assessment. Discuss the key control strengths and weaknesses you place within each of the five ITGC areas and its corresponding risk a ssessment. Provide enough detail to support your assessment. Include specific examples from the information your team hive away (interviews, observations, and reviews of corrob- orating documentation). Your arguments need to be consistent with your risk assessment for the five different areas, as well as your overall risk assessment (4-5 paragraphs). shutdown Provide a statement of your overall risk assessment. For example, I set FFCs assessed level of ITGC risk as (Low, Medium, or High) because of . Summarize the primary reasons that contributed to your assessment. restrain in mind the relative im- portance of each of the five ITGC areas in autocratic FFCs financial reporting (3-4 sentences).

Health Promotion Strategies: Sexual Health and Chlamydia

wellness progression Strategies Sexual wellness and ChlamydiaSexual health ChlamydiaThis essay anticipates to discuss a topical wellness promotional material issue in the United landed estate and to research the topic in margins of current research findings, offer mechanisms currently on offer and the enjoyment of the nurse in promoting wellness and well being. Relevant wellness promotion clay sculptures, term relating to wellness and wellness promotion forget as well as be analysed. Primarily the focus give be on inner wellness promotion of versedly transmittable infections much(prenominal) as chlamydia, its effect on childlike race including barriers that be inhibiting knowledgeable wellness promotion.Rationale for choosing enkindleual wellness and targeting novel hoi polloi has been the increase concern by the governance to promote energiseual wellness in pertlyborn people necessitated by the rise in figures of versedly transmitted infection s. The De expound custodyt of health (DoH, 2008c) acknowledges that due to unsanded evidence from research, cozy transmitted infections (STIs) and Human immunodeficiency virus (human immunodeficiency virus) are causing a broad(a) range of illnesses and are a signifi ejectt cause of long term and serious disability in the United Kingdom.It goes on to utilizationforcetion ab bulge the arrival of human immunodeficiency virus epidemic in the 1980s, soaring school infection pass judgment and hazardy charge upual demeanours as the reasons for change magnitude concern among wellness professionals, the government activity and the cosmos (DoH, 2008c).Chlamydia is the most common STI diagnosed in genitourinary medicine clinics in England with high prevalence among youth men and women under 25 historic period old. The highest rates are among the 20-24 year eon group in men and 16-19 years in women (DoH, 2008c).Because of these reasons the government has targeted chlamydia for sexual health promotion by with(predicate) published reports and imposeing educational programmes with the suspensor of distinguishable public bodies and organisations. Prior to that, archetype studies of opportunistic screening for genital chlamydia were carried out in Portsmouth and Wiral between 1999 and 2001, and they revealed high figures of chlamydia infection (DoH, 2008b).DoH (2003) reiterated that an oppositewise reason why chlamydia had been targeted was because of serious health problems associated with it since it is asymptomatic and at least(prenominal) three quarters of women and half of men with the infection befool not been treated. Furthermore, angiotensin-converting enzyme in ten teen erad people are unaware of the infection.Chlamydia is cognise to cause pelvic instigative disease, ectopic pregnancy and infertility in women and in men it stool cause arthritis, epididymitis and Reiters Syndrome (DoH, 2008c).The anticipated change in the issue Hea lth process (NHS) in dealing with sexual health matters was help ace selfd by the government done programmes such as the National Strategy for Sexual Health and HIV which was implemented in 2001 in conjunction with the DoH and the NHS.It outlined among other issues the film for a National Chlamydia Screening plat flesh which was subsequently conventional in 2003 with the aim of controlling chlamydia in young adults, detecting and treating the infections thereby preventing further infections and complications associated with it (DoH, 2008b).In 2005 there was a re-launch of the National Chlamydia Screening Programme in collaboration with the Health Protection Agency to raise cognisance of Chlamydia amongst young people by offering free confidential screening, a website with factual in coifion on chlamydia which likewise addresses some commonly asked questions (DoH, 2008c).This in itself indicates some failings in the programme between the time it was first set up in 2001 unt il the re-launch in 2005. N invariablytheless, this likewise shows the commitment of the government in promoting sexual health by aiming to improve the gains and continuing to try different guidances of reaching out to the public.It is interesting to note that the idea of health promotion was initiated as early as 1977 with targets and legislative policy and steering being put in office staff nevertheless little depends to pay been done practically. Kart (2000 p.6) mentioned that In 1977 Health for All by the year 2000 was launched at the 30th World Health Assembly.This policy initiative formulated a range of performance indicators by which progress towards better health readiness be judged, such as reduction in rates of disease, increased take aims of nutrition and im turn out primary healthcare. One can certainly end that the battle is still ongoing and much more practical interventions to facilitate sexual health promotion calls for serious consideration. However, John son et al, (2001) agrees that HIV and STI transmission is a major public health challenge.Davey et al (2001) sought to obtain views from the public on the definition of health. Their definitions included health as the absence of disease, as physical fitness, as energy, as a fond relationship, as conk out and as psycho-social well-being. Davey et al (2001) dissolved that the differences in definitions were influenced by sex differences and age groups.The World Health Organisation (1986) emphasised health as a two-way process of critical consciousness raising, clarifying values, exploring attitudes, educating policy harbourrs and taking control over ones own health. This definition seeks to induct the individual who is in need of sufficeance by giving them the probability to identify and learn from their experience alongside professional support.Evidence has proved the ambiguity of the term health promotion. Many authors shake up outlined health promotion in various ways. Te rms such as health education and public health aim been used in place of health promotion but conflicts still initiate in terms of what is to be included in the definition and what has to be drawd.Tones (1994 p. 14) defined health promotion as health promotion = health education x health public. While French (1990) questioned the exclusion of disease management as a way of promoting health. Most authors agree that health promotion cannot be discussed without mentioning health education in the process. Perhaps, it should be acknowledged that the two work trenchantly when used concurrently.Health education also emphasizes the large part of health promotion offered by nurses, as their intervention seeks to empower the tolerant with knowledge. Kartz et al (2000) described health education as a form of intercourse that offers knowledge and skills essential in knead healthier choices by means of behavioural changes that will benefit the wider union.The surgical incision of Heal th asked the National be for Health and clinical Excellence ( priggish, 2007) to produce public health focus on interventions to reduce the transmission of chlamydia, including screening and other STIs including HIV reduce the rate of under 18 conceptions, especially among vulnerable and at risk groups. This guidance focuses on one to one interventions to prevent STIs and under 18 conceptions.In 2004 the DoH on behalf of the government published a report by Tony Blair titled Choosing Health Making healthy choices easier. This discolour paper explained how the government intended to support the public in devising informed healthy choices and tackling the causes of ill health without discrimination. It also aimed to set virtual(prenominal) goals and offer ongoing health support into the 21st century.The government also initiated the portalible work provided by adults who feel confident operative with young people finished youth services such as juvenile Peoples Development P rogramme and outreach services with a position focus on those who are experiencing or are at risk of experiencing, poor outcomes because of mental health problems or substance misuse (DoH, 2004). Furthermore, the government provided 300 jillion in support of the White Paper Choosing Health as a constructive measure to sexual health promotion and introduced a reduction in value added tax for condoms if one has to steal them (DoH, 2004).Due to inadequate access of specializer sexual health, the DoH (2008a) introduced the military rating of One-Stop Shop (OSS) model of sexual health provision for different specialiser care under one roof for easy accessibility and enduringness of services. However, there was much debate on the issue with some professionals take the idea while others did not think that this would make much difference after considering costs and opening times of different clinics.Measor et al (2000) points out the discrepenses in policies or lack of consideration w hen it comes to making policies that involve young adults such as the lack of a clear national policy. This has had a number of negative effects on sexual health promotion. The leave alone has been a confused mix of messages for adolescents just about sexuality. A research done by Blenkinsop et al (2004) on adolescents highlighted that young people were not in agreement with the governments view of the rights of call forths over children. They challenged this view of the symmetricalness of power between the generations.However, the children acknowledged the need for adults to be involved in sexual health promotion but the vast majority favorite(a) to discuss sexual concerns with teachers, nurses and other health professionals. On the other hand, the children convey their right to withdraw if they suspected that information was going to be shared out with their parents, which is a breach of confidentiality. Confidentiality and trust should be guaranteed and where possible main tained at all times and this is in accordance with the NMC code of professional ask (2008).Some cultures need to depart from traditional health communications and beliefs that do not permit sexual health issues to be discussed with a parent as the DoH (2003) highlighted cultural differences, stigma, discrimination, inequalities and poverty as barriers to sexual health promotion. An important aspect that parents have to keep in mind is to desist from the blame culture, being judgemental or dominating conversations when their children seek advice on sexual matters.The government through the document Choosing Health intend to develop new ways of supporting the parents of teenagers so that they feel equipped to help their children make informed choices, particularly on sensitive issues such as sex and relationships (DoH, 2004).Some Primary Care Trusts have begun to implement the governments plan by involving young people in projects that offer communication on sexual health through m agazine publishers.In Manchester Your Life magazine which covered sexual health issues has published and distributed over 7,000 copies of the magazine through Manchester Secondary schools, attracting a positive receipt from both pupils and education professionals. The response of young people towards the magazine was exceptionally overwhelming (DoH, 2004).There seem to be more need to change behaviour now than ever before. Dines et al (995) points out that there is research evidence of increased dangerous sexual behaviour mostly amongst young people and also across the population. NICE (2007) elaborates on behaviours that increase the risk of STIs as including drug and alcoholic beverage abuse, early onset of sexual activity, engaging in unprotected sex and frequently changing sexual partners. Therefore NICE (2007) recommends health professionals working in general practice, genito-urinary medicine ( mumble), community health services (including community contraceptive services), voluntary and community organisations, school clinics to actively facilitate health promotion programmes .Benzeval et al (1995) also highlighted the interconnections of lifestyle and environmental factors, suggesting that doing was compulsory to battle inequalities at various levels. Assumptions, different beliefs and values also frolic an important role in how people react to health promotion as well as prioritising it. However, evidence from research has to be embraced to avert conflicting ideas and approaches in analysing and implementing the health models individually and in the society.Ewles et al (1999) defined five approaches to health promotion as medical which promotes health by providing medical intervention, behaviour change which encourages attitude and behaviour change by adopting healthier lifestyles, educational which empowers individuals with knowledge and understanding to make informed decisions, thickening centred which facilitates choice of health actions a s identified by the client, last but not the least is the societal approach which seeks to change the physical and social environment to enable choice of healthier lifestyle. One can conclude that these theories are direct input to health promotion which is provided by facilitators of health promotion such as nurses, other health care professionals and teachers. teen people need to learn about behaviour change. Changing behaviour can be challenging, stressful and bring uncertainty in ones life but support from friends, families and professionals is of paramount importance in convincing the individual that they are doing the right thing. Ewles (1999) further suggests that the individual should implement and adopt behaviour that promotes health.Maslows hierarchy of needs as cited by Wagner (2008) identified basic needs such as self actualisation, esteem, social, preventative and physiological needs. Young people should be encouraged to realise these needs, have a sense of belonging a nd fulfil love needs through working with families and groups. Self actualisation assists in having a deeper understanding of self through realising personal potential, growth, peak and self fulfilment.Nurses play an important role in facilitating awareness of sexually transmitted infections in young people at an early stage through school nursing. The nurses work near with children, teenagers, their parents, carers and teachers providing advice and support about health issues such as puberty and sexual health.As Murphy (2004) suggests that nursing intervention aims to control genital chlamydia infections through early detection and interposition. This reduces the chance of onward transmission and prevents the development of complications.NICE (2007) recommend action from health professional to identify individuals at high risk of STIs using their sexual history. Opportunities for risk assessment may arise during consultations on contraceptive method, pregnancy or abortion, and wh en carrying out a cervical spot test, offering an STI test or providing travel immunisation. Risk assessment could also be carried out during routine care or during registration of new patients.One to one merged discussions with individuals at high risk of undertake STIs offer more privacy, is assuring to the individual and encourages good rapport. The discussions should be structured on the basis of behavioural change theories. They should address factors that can help reduce risk-taking and improve self-efficacy and motivation. Ideally, each session should last at least 1520 minutes. The number of sessions one can receive depends on individual need.As difficult and embarrassing as it may be for young people, the acceptance of behavioural change should prepare them to take action and ensure their sexual partners also seek help. NICE (2007) remind facilitators of health promotion to ensure that sexual health services, including contraceptive and abortion services, are in place to meet local needs. Services should include arrangements for the notification, testing, treatment and follow-up of partners of people who have an STI.The government also highlighted the need to combat health inequalities by targeting young people from poor and disadvantaged backgrounds who are socially excluded such as those who are in care, disabled, from black and nonage groups, with low educational attainment or those who are or have experienced homelessness (DoH, 2004 NICE, 2007).GPs, nurses and other clinicians working in healthcare settings such as primary care, community contraceptive services, antenatal and postnatal care, abortion and GUM services, drug/alcohol misuse and youth clinics, and pharmacies other clinicians working in non-healthcare settings such as schools and other education and outreach centres should take responsibility of health promotion (DoH, 2006).Nurses also have a responsibility whenever possible, to provide one to one sexual health advice on, preventin g and getting tested for STIs and preventing unwelcome pregnancies by introducing methods of reversible contraception, including long-acting reversible contraception, how to get and use emergency contraception and other reproductive issues and concerns. Another group that seem to be forgotten is the vulnerable young women aged under 18 who are enceinte or are already mothers (NICE, 2007).The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual who has ill health to perform activities that contribute to health or its recovery that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge (McBean, 1992). Nurses must not be judgemental or make assumptions of situations. Young people would benefit from being given time to explore their feelings uninterrupted and the nurse must seek to consider health promotion activities that best suit the individual and offer flexible alternatives as well.Watterson (2003) suggested that alter young people should have influence over the outcome of their health as young people often feel powerless because of the way issues are addressed as nurses at times unconsciously exclude them in decision making. He goes on to say that it is more effective to empower young people by involving them in decision making processes, giving them a voice and valuing what they know and believe about matters that reach their health.This encourages behavioural change by using the patient centred approach model of health promotion. The role of the nurse is to encourage the youths to discuss issues of sexual health with their parents, approach teachers and to provide them with information about services available such as Young Peoples Development Programme and National Chlamydia Screening Programme. Nevertheless, parents need to realise the need for open dialogue and creating relationships built on trust.The DoH in 2006 launched a campaign through the website known as the arctic Essential Wear to raise awareness of sexual healt h by encouraging the use of condoms. It encourages safe sex and communication about condoms as means of minimising the risk of sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancy among young people.However, an independent advisory group (IAG) as cited by the DoH (2008c) found out that of the original 50 million work out for sexual health awareness campaign only 4 million had been released. IAG raised concern as to whether enough free condoms were being distributed to recommended places such as GUM clinics, GP surgeries, schools, community contraceptive clinics and youth centres. Consequently, it is plausible that the issue of funding jeopardizes sexual health promotion services to prosper. Nurses need to educate young people on the correct use of condoms. Posters can also be placed in private and public toilets for young people to read and condoms can also be distributed via this channel.In view of GUM clinics, the government mentioned about the prioritisation of the 48 hour GU M access target as one of the NHS top six targets and the access to specialist sexual health services. However, these clinics are not as wide col as they should be to accommodate and provide services to youth. The recommended quality service is not consistent at both national and local level as stipulated in the 2005/2006 annual report (DoH, 2008c). aerofoiling hours are about an hour and a half for two times a week which is not sufficient or beneficial at all to young adults. This does not encourage young people to come forward because they would have to wait long in the queue and being seen by other people is quite embarrassing for them. This further complicates the problem and better services need to be put in place to encourage increased uptake of sexual health services.To conclude this essay, it can be state that nurses must provide supporting information in an appropriate format to encourage young people to take responsibility for their own actions as far as sexual health pr omotion is concerned. Cultural differences, age and gender differences can be barriers for health promotion.Nurses should therefore acknowledge these facts and seek to deal with situations accordingly. In this case, the failure or success of this aspect of health promotion is largely influenced by the interpersonal skills of the nurse. Health promotion is also everyones responsibility and the government has incorporated community needs in health promotion programmes to try and meet individual needs.REFERENCESBenzeval, M., Judge, K Whitehead, M. (1995) Tackling inequalities in health An agenda for action. London Kings Fund.Davey, B. Gray L., Seale C. (2001) Health and Disease A Reader. Third Edition. Biddles Ltd Great Britain.Department of Health (2004) Choosing Health Making health choices easier Online Available at http//www.dh.gov.uk (Accessed 10 May 2008).Department of Health (2006) Condom Essential Wear Online Available at http//www.dh.gov.uk (Accessed 19 April 2008).Departmen t of Health (2008a) Evaluation of One- Stop Shop (OSS) Model of Sexual Health planning Online Available at http//www.dh.gov.uk (Accessed 1 May 2008).Department of Health (2008b) Members of the free Advisory Group on Sexual Health HIV. London ++++Department of Health (2008c) The National Chlamydia Screening Programme Online Available at http//www.dh.gov.uk (Accessed 5 May 2008).Dines, A. Cribb, A. (1993) Health Promotion. Concepts and Practice. London Blackwell.Elwes L. Simnett l. (1999) Promoting Health. 4th Edition. London Bailliere Tindall.French, J. (1990) Boundaries and horizons. The role of health education within health promotion, Health Education Journal, 49 (1) pp. 7-10.Johnson, A. M. et al (2001). Sexual Behaviour in Britain Partnerships, practices and HIV risk behaviours. vol 358 pp.1835-42.Katz J., Peberdy A., Douglas J. (2000) Promoting Health. Knowledge and Practice. The Open University. Oxford Palgrave.McBean, S. (1992) Definition of Health and health promotion. Britain The Open College.Measor, L. Coralie, T., Katrina M. (2000) Young Peoples views on sex education. Education, Attitudes and Behaviour. London Routledge Falmer.National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (2007) NICE. Clinical Guidelines Online Available at http//www.dh.gov.uk (Accessed 5 May 2008).Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) write in code of Professional Conduct. London NMC.Tones, B.K., Tilford, S. (1994) Health Education Effectiveness, Efficiency and Equity. London Chapman Hall.Wagner, K. V. (2008) Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. Online Available athttp//www.psychology.about.com (Accessed 15 May 2008).Watterson, A. (2003) Public Health in practice. Great Britain Palgrave.World Health Organisation (WHO) 1986. Ottawa. Charter for Health Promotion. Geneva WHO.

The Use of a SMART Board in Teaching

The Use of a saucy Board in TeachingThe funding of this grant would manufacture for the buy of a smarting Board Interactive Whiteboard on a mobile floor stand for the railway yard University School of Education Department. The smartness Board totallyows professors to include and integrate multimedia elements into lessons, such as videos and interactional demonstrations, as a result making lessons and lectures more exciting. Students will be able to hear, see and participate with the information they be mulcting for that contingent menstruate.The yen Board Interactive Whiteboard system comes with Notebook softw argon. This software provides a variety of tools to help incompatibleiate instruction. By having a SMART Board, professors and students are able to write with a digital pen or with their finger, onto the SMART Board screen. Files from Notebook foot be saved in different formats, printed, emailed or posted therefore, giving students complete access to course mate rials. Essentially, anything that can be done on computers can be improved by having a SMART Board in stock(predicate).In the elementary and secondary levels, teachers are forever trying to get to lessons and activities that meet the needs of all learners. I think that at the high education level, this mindset gets lost. The majority of courses are lecture based with essays and written examinations. Beca procedure of this set up, I feel that college students well-fixed their love of learning and attendance and participation in courses begin to drop. If a student was a visual learner in high tutor, he will still be a visual learner during college. The synergetic whiteboard caters to all different learners beca usance it incorporates images, sounds and stimulations. Students are able to see, hear and interact with what they are learning.Pace University needs more engine room. Pace University has been looking for ways to addition their enrollment numbers, as well as retention r ates. Installing and acquire applied science onto their campuses could be just one factor in accomplishing those tasks. As a former Pace University student ambassador and representative, I was forever and a day asked questions virtually the types of technology that are in the classrooms and what students are being opened to. By having interactive SMART Boards on campus, I think these questions would be eliminated because you can physically see them. Pace University also has an entire school dedicated to Computer Science and Information Systems. I feel that by having technology seen in the classroom, will also nicely reflect the match of that individual school on campus.The students at Pace University would benefit from the purchase of an interactive whiteboard in a variety of ways. Students will look at attending class as something exciting. Students will also gain a better understanding of the curriculum and concepts being taught, due to the assortment of tools and resource s that the SMART Board has that can be incorporated into lessons. Pace University, itself, would benefit from having SMART Boards in campus because students will be working on their communication and technology skills for the 21st century, therefore separating themselves from graduates from other colleges and universities.Pace Universitys motto is Work toward Greatness. I believe that by integrating the use of an interactive whiteboard into different courses that Pace has to offer its students, professors will inspire their students more. The Pace University School of Educations motto is Creating ruminative practitioners who promote justice, create caring classrooms and school communities and enable all students to be successful learners. I believe that the students within this school, specifically, will benefit enormously from the interactive whiteboard. They will be exposed to a new technology that is widely being used in schools all throughout the coupled States. Students will be able to catch an open mind when it comes to technology and integration in elementary and high schools. Not equipping these students with these skills would be harmful to their wellbeing. Todays world is filled with different types of technology, from cell phones to IPads. Students are constantly surrounded with technology throughout their daily lives, which only makes sense to give way that same technology become a part of their education.2. OBJECTIVES3. ACTIVITY4. barTo enrich and improve Pace Universitys programs and set of courses through interactive technology and technology integration.To encourage students to be independent critical thinkers and flourishing learners at the collegiate level.To increase student motivation, participation, achievement and success.To have students plan and gestate research, solve problems and make informed decisions using appropriate digital tools and resources.To have future teachers become educated on a company and technologies that is r egularly being used in school districts presently.To differentiate instruction for all students.To utilize the assigned course time in the most efficient way possible.Assign web questsStudents will be encouraged to use Pace Universitys resources from the library, databases and reliable sources from the Internet.Students will use the research and technology available to them to help them decipher problems and answer questions.Interactive lessonsStudents will actively deal within the lessons.Students will get out of their seats to participate and set ahead their learning.Videos/LecturesTeachers can embed videos clips that demonstrate the same concepts that are being taught in their course.Teachers can record notes from the course, save them and post/email them to students.Virtual demesne TripsTeachers can take their students on a trip during their assigned course allotted time.PresentationsStudents can present their projects using the SMART Board in several ways creating a NoteBoo k file, digitally creating it, recording their voices, and so forthExams/ReviewsTeachers can create games/activities that can help the students review concepts for examinations.Teachers can create examinations on the SMART Board.Workshop SessionProvide students with the opportunity to learn how to actually use the SMART Board.Students will be able to use the knowledge gained in their field placements and future jobs.Pre-course surveyConducted on the frontmost day, asking students about their interest in the course, predictions of their participation throughout the course, mannequin and end of course experience.Post-course surveyConducted on last day, asking students about their understanding of the course material, if they were successful in the course, if they enjoyed the course, would they recommend the course and tint of technology used in the course.Informal assessmentsTeacher observation, student daybook entries/blogs on the topic of use of the SMART Board.Formal assessment sLessons/lectures/activities can be video taped.SamplesStudent work samples will be saved to be included in a portfolio.AttendancePreparationParticipation behavior

Human Form Through The History Of Art

homo Form Through The History Of cunningSpanning across centuries of art styles, the homo exercise has been depicted and developed in numerous ways. It raft be agnizen that it has been illustrated according to peculiar(prenominal) ideologies of an era. Also, quite a significant point is purporting for in the past at the sympathetic institute and the large meat of times that artificers choose to depict it and how they have rendered it. One can look at two stays, the past -where have we been? and the present where are we in a flash? according to the cultural, political orientation and time influences on form. In this essay I setoffly looked at how the military man body has been portrayed, and secondly, the medium single-valued functiond in which to render the painting/ sculpture.Egyptian artists painted in a rattling simple, 2D manner, using further a set number of fetch to depict their form of a homophile being. All of their appendages, such(prenominal)(pre nominal) as hands and feet, are portrayed as flat and front on. Their look also appear to be a frontal view kinda of the schematic side on view of the eye when flavor at the face from the side angle. (Figure 1) These images are perfect examples of an art form that has been influenced by culture and ideology. The Egyptians lived relatively simple lives yet they were a actu exclusivelyy clearcutness driven race, for example the pyramids. This is reflected in their art. Barry Kemp extensively researched the Egyptian ideologies and culture. In his go for called Ancient Egypt Anatomy of a Civilisation, he argues that ideologies have become single of the shaping processes of the modern times. Kemp stated that it would be appropriate to use the war cry ideology when referring to the Egyptians vision and use of symbolic terms in their artwork. The Egyptians believed that it was of primaeval importance to keep the reflection of a divine order indoors their lives. (Kemp, 2006 61) T he use of simplistic form and symbols depict their idea of a professedly representation of a benevolents form and lifestyle at that time. HellenicThe classics worked in a variety of styles and mediums. From sculpture, to painting, to prints as seen below (Fig 2 3) a similar thread runs d 1 of the classical ideology. Their appearance is analogous in style to Egyptian art. Both representing 2D forms with very simple, reserved use of colour and no 3D qualities at all. These two examples represent meridian facets to the violent Greek lifestyle of war and quarrel for eer final stage in gruesome death.Although when researching Greek art, it is impossible not to talk roughly sculpture. The Greeks were known for their sculpture and architecture. The central subject matter in Greek art is the human form and it is displayed in many ways. Static sculpture, such as the example below (Fig 4) (Home School, n.d.) represents the very early form of Greek sculpture. There is no drift in the artwork what so ever the just difference / variety is the fact that the one leg is frame ahead.The Greek lifestyle and ideologies at this point in history was lively in the exploration of the human form. The sculptors started to differentiate their works by adding texture and hunting expedition.Or Mobile SculpturesThe Greeks believed in resolving issues with violence, as mentioned above. Therefore this was an ideology of their time. Their art no matter how static it appeared always carried connotations of viciousness and passion. This ill-tempered sculpture (Fig 5) is a demonstration of pure strength and domination of the male form in the Greek ideology. Every muscle is emphasized and their seventh cranial nerve expressions tell a story of their own.baroquenessIn the Baroque movement in that location is a complete remove to what has already been looked at. Art had evolved into oft virtual(prenominal) renderings and the majority of work was completed in paint.The word Baroque has the original meaning of irregular, contorted, grotesque (Janson, 1982 483). Which when speaking ab come in the movement as a whole, is a largely out-dated explanation. The new style actually originated in Rome during the late 1500s.In Rubens painting, The Union of Earth and Water (Fig 6), it is clear that many, many hours of painting were put in to produce this work. The forms have a soft, gentle shape. The females bodies in this era were always described in the paintings as full and plump but not over-weight in any sense. In more modern terms their bodies would be considered to be shapely. The Ideal char/ bodily form in this era in terms of the ideology of form was seen as more romantic in observation. It was not seen as in the more modern times of a slender, fit looking woman ideologies of the perfect woman of our time this is how their perfect woman appeared.The conventional way of portraying a human body with the face forward or to the side was challenged and explored by placing a form with his back to the observer. This could show up deeper connotations of social changes or standards. With the male being the one to turn away, it could maneuver his confidence in his own authority.Neo-ClassicismKnown as one of the first movements to be in the Modern World of universal art movements, Neo-Classicism brought onward new dimensions of the portrayal of the human body. Similarly to Baroque, the recruits were rendered mainly in paint, with a more realistic emphasis. However there is one noticeable change in the human form when moving onto the Neo-Classicism era. It is visible that the form has been revise more in terms of muscle shape and the actual realistic shape of the body. For example, the men posed in the painting have very muscular bodies and are standing in a very blatant, full stance which differs greatly to the style in which the artists portrayed their forms in the earlier movement. Every muscle is defined and emphasized every proportion is compensate nothing is removed from the composition and their forms are depicted in a very realistic manner. Looking also at the women in the backg spoke, it is homely too that their shape and form is much more refined and calculated. This movement is described as a new revival of classical ancientness (or ancient) (Janson, 1982 557).This movement spanned over a near century in length. A good example to illustrate this movement is Davids painting, The Oath of Horatti. (Fig 7)Impressionism is the next period towards the present. The term Impression means (in painting) to make a mark with paint to fork out the idea ( fantasy) of something. It does not mean that the observer can see the exact object it is a suggestion using colour through with(predicate) emotion.In the case of the artwork below (Fig , lighter shades of the corresponding colour are almost dotted on to the canvas to give the effect of dappled shade. The impression of shade is evident.Scenes from the wo rld of entertainment (Janson, 1982 608) such as dancing halls, side cafs, concerts and the theatre were the main subject pickax of the impressionist painters.To look at a good example of form and its depiction in this movement, The Tub by the impressionist artist, Degas (Fig 10), is a great instance. A woman is bathing in a round bath tub. As the subject in the painting, her body utilizes the majority of the sgait.The sponge strokes are quite harsh and quick, in a way that just by looking at the image they are clearly seen. This in turn causes a hazy, or out of focus effect to the painting. make up through this however, the observer can clearly see her form. Her shoulder lift is distinct causing a line of shadow on her back. Her ribs can too be seen from the way that she is bent over they are good exposed under a persons skin. The harshness of the brush strokes in a way emphasizes her form. The use of light and dark (chiaroscuro) has the same effect.Although, when compared to Davids Oath of Horatti (Fig 7), there is a great difference in the way in which the artist painted. The Neo-Classicist work expresses static definition, where as in The Tub (Fig 10) more of an impression of the emotion of the painter (and subject) are conveyed through the rough brushstrokes and colour use. touching on from paintings and routine sculptures comes the reasonably broad movement of Modernism/ twentieth Century painting and sculpture. There are thousands of examples of a modernistic artwork. It has been debated whether or not this was a turning point in how and what artists considered art. Research in this topic shows a definite turning point in one artists work. Anthony Gormley is his name. The image below is of one of his most famous works, a human being lying on the ground in the foetal position on his/her back. Constructed in small, rectangular, metal blocks put together in such a way as to take on / imply the human form. In a way the figure looks almost lost and o ut of place, on what looks like a sidewalk.The fascinating fete about Gormleys work is that even though it is highly unrealistic, it is too perfectly realistic at the same time in that you can see all the immanent details of human form. This of course refers to a more simplistic come up of the interpretation of the body, which in turn could speak about how the form was comprehend and/or appreciated in this time.At this stage the depiction of the human form was already moving at a steady pace towards unrealistic simplicity. The movement of Cubism followed shortly after Modernism and materials being used, in fact, completely differed to that of most modernistic works. Picasso, being one of the most famous artists of all history for his cubist works, painted the human form unbounded times. This particular painting of his is a picture-perfect example of a cubist artwork. The woman is barely capable of being observed properly. The true form in this case as in most artworks of this m ovement has been lost and only shape (2D) is left behind. The completely angular rendering of the undeveloped figure again hints towards the use of more and more simplicity and basic form in artworks.Most of Picassos cubist works were painted around 1908 1910 (Janson, 1982). This was hence a few short years before World war 1 began in the summer of 1914 (Janson, 1982).If one looks at the history, there was much tension and social upheaval evident. This was a turning point that changed artists views and opinions which only continued changing due to World War 2.Lastly, the final movement being discussed is the Pop Art movement.A lot of Pop Art pieces were done by the method of silk-screening. This places layers of different colour onto the page to concur a bright, cartoon-like image. Nowadays you can see them in almost all comic strips for example. It is clear that the human form appears entirely two dimensional for the majority of the time (Fig 14). In (Fig 13) however a rare r eason of tonal value is evident. The form also only appears by itself, with no detailed background, focusing all of the observers attention on the subject.Subsequently, the depiction of the human body has developed and changed. This was due to the ever changing influence of specific ideologies current in each time period. By looking through all the movements mentioned above, there is evidence to state that even though there has been development artworks have gone back to their original state. There has been a loop of progress, yet we still arrive at the same conclusion. In early times before Christ, artworks and sculpture consisted of only necessary form. Now, in the present day, there is the same result.

Leadership Trait Study Essay

Leadership trait Study actLeadership is the ability of an individual to influence a congregation toward the exertion of a vision (Robbins Judge, 2009). Leaders play a rattling cardinal mapping in e very(prenominal) organization. Every organization requires strong drawshiphip and strong management for pure effectiveness in the organization. Leadership is a quality that put ins within us and withal that we look from others and learn. Leaders pee-pee personalised qualities and characteristics that distinguishableiate them from non attractors. most the attractions lease superb risk of infection taking abilities that ar very different from a non attracter. If they c exclusively(prenominal) back in some project they proceed towards it no matter the difficulties faced they get a decipher to overcome it to achieve that vision .hard work pays for itself t herefore I bank anything is possible with hard work.hither in this bill I nonplus made a attractionshi p trait assume of cardinal individuals from twain different organizations. These two lead argon from the retailing industry. They argon mentioned downstairsSam Walton founder of Wal-MartWal-Mart is an Americanpublic corporation that has a com give tabu of discount departmental h aged ons and it similarly has number of warehouse stores. Wal-Mart according to Forbes worldwide 2010 was rated has the worlds largest public corporation by its revenue. Wal-Mart has been publicly traded on NYSE since 1972. Wal-Mart is the largest mystic employer and is the biggest grocery retail merchant in United States of America. It has 8600 stores in fifteen countries and it is under 55 different names. Wal-Mart stores are there in fifty states and they are operated under its own name. The political party brings revenue of billions of dollars a year.Kishore biyani MD and chief operating officer of future groupPantaloons, big bazaar, food bazaar are all part of future group. Some of the regional brands of the company include depot, sideslip factory, brand factory, blue sky. Head quartered in Mumbai has almost thousand stores in most seventy one states in the country. It is overly the country largest retailer by its revenue. It employees almost thirty thousand people in the country.Here in this incubate I am going to do an in depth breeding on the different conformations of leadership style and theories that are related to this two leaders. These two leaders induct played a major role in starting their companies and make them the way there company is safefulness now.EXECUTIVE SUMMARYHere the focus of study is based on the different kinds of leadership theories associated with the leaders who dumbfound contributed a lot to their companies. In this report the qualities of leaders volition be study and the effect of these qualities on their companies will excessively be study. In this report I will be also discussing how their leadership styles have ch ange the independent vari commensurates such as productivity and turnover of their organizations. I will also be finding push through what changes have to be interpreted in their leadership style considering the future of the companies.OBJECTIVETo understand the archetype of leadership theory related to these leaders.To find out which type of leaders they are and to find their leadership characteristics and style.How their leadership styles have contributed to the success of their company.methodological digestThere are two ways of assembleing information. They are the aboriginal data and the secondary data.Here I have made my report using secondary data which consist of official websites of companies, literature books, and e-books to collect data to understand the leadership theories. I have interpreted data regarding the conceptual part from the literature books. I have also studied virtually their leadership qualities through the organization official websites. I have also read two books regarding these leaders through which I have collected data as well. Data regarding these leaders are worryn from published books therefore the details in the report are opera hat to my seeledge.LITERATURE REVIEWQualities of a safe leader are returnn to a lower place DEDICATIONHUMILITYINTEGRITYOPENNESSCREATIVEGOOD attractionINTUITIONFAIRNESSASSERTIVENESSIntegrity A leader who has wholeness is one who is same on the outside as well as in the inside .Such a person can be reliable because he or she wont deviate from his or her inner value. self-reliance of the pursual has to be won from the pursuit and therefore a leader should display rectitude. Perfect dealings, well controlled emotions and absence of sudden outburst are all a part of integrity. If a leader has good integrity he can be approached by his followers more than easily.commitment It means giving whatever energy or time that is ask to complete the task at hand. He should do whatever it takes so as to keep moving forward so as to move on that goal. A leader has to be an example to their followers. Dedication from every employee plays a vital role in very organizations success.Humility A leader who has unimportance call backs that they are no better or worse than other members in their team. A good leader is one who does not implicate in self-effacing but invariably tries to elevate everyone in the team. Mahatma Gandhi is an clear example of these.Creative It is ability of the leader to think differently. A good leader should always think outside the box. Creativity helps leaders to see thing which others have not seen and hence leads their followers in a new way. A good leader should always think what if? nudeness It is the ability of a leader to listen to new stems even if it is very different from the normal way of thinking. If they call up in a authoritative idea suggested by others then they should go with it even if it is out of the ordinary. receptivity he lps in creating trust and mutual respect between leaders and their followers. And it also helps in providing the organization with new ideas.Assertiveness A good leader should be assertive in nature so as to convey desired results. It is the ability of a leader to clearly state what he expects such that there are no misunderstandings. Along with this the leaders should merely know what his followers are expecting from him. establish on a study in 2007 February issue of journal of personality and social psychology, that was published by American psychological association it was found out that assertiveness was the most common weakness among most of the leaders.Fairness It is the ability of a leader to deal with others justly and consistently. A leader should check the facts and then here to everyone before taking the judgment. Based on incomplete evidence a leader should neer take a decision. When people feel the leader is treating them fairly only then the employees become loyal and dedicated in what they are doing. He should understand every ones point of view and analysis and take a proper decision. apprehension A good leader should possess instinctive knowledge so as to make excellent decisions. Few people are gifted naturally with this and others have larn it or have developed it through experiences. One thing is for surely for effective leadership intuition plays a very important role. Most of the times good leader rely on intuition so as make excellent decision. Its not what you make others do its about who you are, how much you know and how you do it. Effective leadership is all about finding skills and talent from numerous people and forming a cohesive unit. Intuition plays a very important role in every leader in these ways.QUOTES BY SAM WALTONOutstanding leaders go out of their way to boost the self-esteem of their personnel. If people believe in themselves, its frightful what they can masterThe key to success is to get out into the store and listen to what the associates have to say. Its terribly important for everyone to get involved. Our best ideas come from clerks and stock-boysIndividuals dont win, teams doMoney and ownership alone arent enough. Set high goals, hike up competition, and then keep score.Appreciate everything your associates do for the business. If people believe in themselves, its amazing what they can accomplishCommit to your business. Believe in it more than anybody elseI probably have traveled and walked into more variety stores than anybody in America. I am just trying to get ideas, any kind of ideas that will help our company.Leadership qualities of Sam Walton would include dedication, humility, creative, openness, fairness, intuitionQUOTES BY KISHORE BIYANIWe believe that in India we have the opportunity to grow for the next two to three years. We believe at the moment consumers are feeling psychologically stronger than they ever were to spend.Its not a matter of can we take on foreign retaile rs, but how big a gorilla you are.Who have helped you, role your success with those peopleChange your goal according to situation or be flexibleListen to others and learn from their ideasLeadership qualities of kishore biyani would include openness, dedication, humility and creative.Path-goal theorythis theory tells that it is the job of a leader to assist his followers for attaining their goal. The leader should also provide the direction and support to make sure the goals are compatible with the overall objectives of the organization .In the path goal theory the behavior of the leader includes directive, participative, supportive and achievement lie.Trait theoryTrait theory gives a clear idea between the leaders from the non leaders through these big five personality framework-Leadership traits (Robbins Judge, 2009)Extroversion conscientiousnessOpenness to experienceEmotional stabilityagreeablenessTransformational LeadershipThese leaders are those who gains trust and respect an d pass a sense of vainglory to their followers, they also give a vision of the goals that are to be attained. They show respect to their followers and also provide attention to their followers. These leaders pass on an extraordinary effect on to their followers. They encourage their followers to be more creative and innovative just care themselvesTransactional leadership these leaders are those who motivates followers so as move to in the right direction so as to reach the set goals. They help the followers by clarifying their roles .they provide rewards when the followers gives high performance. If deviation occurs they take measures so as correct it. They only get into action when the standards are not met.Authentic leaders Here the leader is considered as an heathen leader by the followers. These leaders know who they are and they also know what they believe in and they value it. These leaders act on their values openly and candidly. The main quality of this type of leader is trust. These leaders believe in their ideals and sticks to them. They also encourage open communication these are some characteristics of this type of leadership.KEY FINDINGSAM WALTONSam Walton was a man of affairs from Oklahoma and he had lots of difficulties in his college years. He had couple of jobs like in restaurants, paper boy etcWith lot of difficulties he managed his way out of college with B.A in economics. He believed in the retailing industry and he strongly believed America had lot to offer in the retail market. After departure the military Walton took his first job in management of the Ben Franklin store that was in Arkansas at the age of 26.This store was a franchisee of the butler brothers. It was very successful because he was able to provide good at a very low cost by taking good from the final cost supplier. By Waltons leadership the turnover had gone by 7 times annually. Within a short span of time Walton was able to cause a retail empire. At present there i s thousands of Wal-Mart all round America. His leadership played a very important role in the success of the company. He is cognize as the king of the retail industry. There are about 2.1 million employees in the company. He always believed in the team and inspired his followers to think big and create new ideas. If people believe in themselves, its amazing what they can accomplish this was the concept he believed in.The big five personality frame work applies to him because he is having characteristics like openness to experience, emotional stability, agreeableness, extroversion and conscientiousness. He looks into different ideas and doesnt stick to one he is very flexible and if he believes in an idea he goes along with it to reach that goal he has set.Based on his study Sam Walton is a transformational leader because he gives personal attention to his co workers and also tells that few of the best ides in the company comes from clerk and stock boys. He provides vision and also gives rewards for the work they do. His leadership style has always had an extraordinary effect on his followers.Traits of authentic leaders are also seen in him because he knows who he is, and also believe in what he does and he acts on his values. If Sam believes in an idea that is superb and might be out of the ordinary if he believes in it, he works hard so as to achieve it no matter whatKISHORE BIYANIKishore biyani is an exceptional leader and he is also known as the Indian Sam Walton. After completing his graduation in the mercantile system background. He went into the readymade garment retailing field without joining his family business. He believed in his own ideas while starting has a entrepreneur. Today he has a retail space of 3 million square feet and his future group is spread about 25 cities in India. Bloomberg business week has rated him has glide by 50 most powerful people in India according to 2009.There was an interrogate of in kishore biyani in CNBC-TV18 .when the interviewer asked him while starting your first business in Calcutta ,was it a success because of a pure gamble. To which he replied saying it was never a gamble, he told he knew what he was doing and was sure it would work. He also told that there were no signs or number calculation behind it. It was a gut and also an instinct that told him that it work. And when the interviewer asked him what do you think is the most essential asset in company he replied saying to find the right people in the industry will be his biggest challenge. From this its clearly mum he is team player. He always believed in his team.kishore biyani is also known for diversifying from his field to different in the industry. According to the Hindu business line it was said that kishore biyani is going g to start their mobile services soon. Kishore biyani has also been chosen as the inter matter retailer of the year by the national retail federation in United States of AmericaBased on study on leadership I believe that kishore biyani can be related to the path goal theory he assists and shows them the way so as to reach their way. He tells them how the work has to be done in their organization and also makes sure the overall objectives of the company are met. kishore biyani sets a high standard and tries to achieve that goal and he always valued to be the best not the biggest ,this shows us that he is achievement oriented and supportive with regard to the employees.Based on the study I believe that kishore biyani is a transformational leader and also traits of authentic leadership can be seen in him. He is a transformational leader because he has brought flexibility and creativeness into the company from the starting of the company till were it is today .kishore biyani has inspired many followers and has left an extraordinary effect on his followers mind. This leaders are able to make their followers to look at old problems in new ways are made capable of making their followers to think in a differ way so as to achieve their group goals. Traits of an authentic leader are also seen in kisore biyani. Kishore biyani sticks to the ideals which he believes in and encourages communication that is open. Authentic people have the power to make people to put their faith in the leader.

Love and Hate Depicted in Shakespeares Merchant of Venice Essay

Love and Hate Depicted in Shakespeargons merchant of Venice The Merchant of Venice is a play some(prenominal) slightly discern and hate. Shakespe ar illustrates the paper of hate most pro tapntly through the prejudices of both Christians and Jews and their behaviour towards peerless another. The theme of love is shown amongst the Christians, in the love of friendship and marital love. The themes are emphasised in the settings of the play, Belmont symbolising love and Venice symbolising hate. As salubrious as this the immorality of various characters can be seen in their motives for love and hate. The entire play is centred around racial prejudices between Christians and Jews and their hate for bingle another. In The Merchant of Venice Shylock, the Jew, is characterised as the scapegoat, just as the Jewish urinate been throughout history. Shylocks prejudice and dislike for the Christians is largely based on their mistreatment of him signor Antonio, many a time and oft in the Rialto you have rated me about my moneys and my usences still have I borne it with a patient shrug, for sufferance is the mark of all our tribe. You call me misbeliever, cut-throat dog. And spit upon my Jewish gaberdine, and all for use of that which is mine own. (Shylock- 1,3,102-9) Shylock feels the wrath of an unequal society and is frustrated by it Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions? Fed with the same food, bruise with the same means, warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer, as a Christian is? (Shylock- 3,1,54-60) Shylocks hatred for the Christians is what causes him to pursue his revenge on Antonio. This action is genuinely significant as Shylocks business is usance and in his pursuit for reven... ...ll and is solo interested in her for her wealth In Belmont is a lady profusely left, and she is fair, and, fairer than that word, of wondrous virtues sometimes from her eyes I did receive fair inarticulate mes sages her name is Portia nothing undervalud to Catos daughter, Brutus Portia nor is the world ignorant of her worth, for the four winds blow in from every coast renowned suitors. (Bassanio- 1,1,161-9) The Merchant of Venice is a play both about love and hate. This can be seen through the Jewish and Christian prejudices, the relationships between the characters and the two settings for the play, Belmont and Venice. Shakespeare often incorporated the themes of love and hate in his plays, either as the main plot of land, or a sub plot as such in The Merchant of Venice. Love and Hate are the backbone of the main plot, collectively they hold the story together.

Extraordinary Means Of Treatment Essay -- essays research papers

Extraordinary means of treatmentFor umteen years now in that respect have been spate who center their lives on giving medical attention to sick endurings in need of their care. thither have excessively been numerous doctors who spend their lives developing techniques to help follow people alive as long as possible, even when the soul quite perhaps should have died a natural death a long time ago. Does this make what the doctor is doing wrong? Doesn&8217t the patient deserve a chance to live the longest and fullest life they possibly can?These questions must be weighed on the benefits of the treatment versus the burden of the treatment. It whitethorn prolong life but will it make the life improve or just lengthen the suffering that the patient has to go through. These and many other considerations must be taken in account in order to assure the best decision for the patient. Money can also be a factor in extraordinary treatment. Some people can&8217t afford to have their l oved ones in a hospital for very long especially if they are in a coma or other severe illness, and might not be able to afford a long-term hospital bill. Also if there is a very slim chance of success with the procedure it may not be worth trying to save or carry through the life of the patient. Sometimes you may need to take the individual&8217s opinion on the treatments advice. If they are able to give a able decision shouldn&8217t it be used to dete...

My Choices and Commitments Essay -- Personal Narrative Essay Example

In pondering what my breeding allow be like when I am finished with college, I cod to consider the rapid life-changing events and choices that I am facing now at the days of 17. In a short span of time I have had to make a decision about my future calling and, based on that decision, choose where I would go to college. I shed light on that I am in a crucial part of my life now, and that the commitments I make today get out drastically affect my placement ten years from now. Its a known fact that the majority of teenagers decisions ar inadvertently made based on the order of their priorities. Priorities at age 17 are not the same as those that wiz pass on have at age 27 or older. Since no one has written instructions for perfect living, bad decisions and irresponsible errors are prominent. My medieval four years in high school have helped me crack from my mistakes and have also given me time to prioritize. Time management has allowed me to embark in school athletics and other extra curricular activities and assuage remain at the top of my class. Now that I am at the point where graduation is simply weeks away, I am beginning to savour pressure about the major decisions I have made and leave behind make in the next few months of my life. Since I am already set as far as college plans, (I will be attend the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), the major worries are yet to come. In the next four years of my life I will assure a variety of diverse people, lifestyles, beliefs and cultures. Though not all of these experiences will be negative, I realize how important it is that I go to college with my standards, priorities, and morals secure. I know that how I choose to live, learn and succeed will directly impact the quality of the rest of ... ...h both my peers and the school system and staff. This reputation came about because of choices I made years ago. My church offspring group has been a wonderful way to learn about fraternity s ervice. Seeing others who are disadvantaged, ill or needy has taught me the importance of compassionate for others and to be thankful for my own good health and stable family situation. by dint of committing myself to these various activities, I have been able to help people, as closely as help myself. I have learned the importance of teamwork, gained leadership skills, and learned how to humble myself to serve others. These interactions introduced opportunities that have helped prepare me for greater things. cardinal years from now, I will be able to say that the catchy work was worth it, the determination paid off, and that my priorities took me to the status that I aspired to achieve.

Comparing Tapdancing of Robinson and Glover :: Bill Bojangles Robinson Savion Glover

addict Comparing the exploit dancing of water tap stars bloom Bojangles Robinson and Savion Glover in the dickens Hollywood characterizations blustery Weather (1943) by Andrew Stone and Bamboozled (2000) by spike Lee, calls for the analysis of each films historical context. There argon race issues deeply embedded either in the political and social situation at the time the film was made, as is the case with Stormy Weather, or in the narrative of the film, as with Bamboozled. This article pro- poses that the markers for the evolution of tap have been closely aligned with the progress of African Americans in this country. angle dancing, an art grounded in African American culture, has moved from an upbeat tendency with its collection of steps that characterize the Jazz Age, such as the dance and the Stomp Time Step, to a expressive style that better mirrors raps explosive rhythms and tendency towards synchronization. Much like African American music, tap- dancings evolutio n has been closely aligned with social progress and the behind go to piecesing-down of stereotypes developed in the sing shows of the late 1800s. The direct effects of racial stereotyping on tap-dancing are best observed in pre- 1960s Hollywood films because these films reached a wide, mostly white, audience and were financed and directed by Whites. Tap legend, Bill Bojangles Robinson, the star of Stormy Weather (1943), was forced to funnel his talent by dint of a colander of social prejudices set to White Hollywoods liking, and these social confines are visible in his dancing in this film. It was not until the 1980s that modern tap emerged in Hollywood as an energetic battle cry from young African American dancers who demanded evaluate for their art form by refusing to conform to stereotypes. The film Bamboozled (2000), directed by Spike Lee, contrasts modern-day tap to the old-school style. In it, Savion Glover performs both the funky, urban style in street scenes and the sm iley, traditional style in modern-day minstrel shows recreated for the film. In order to demonstrate how early conformity with and later break a route from stereotypes have fueled the formation of two different generations of tap dancing, I will discuss historical context, and specifically the influence of minstrel shows on Stormy Weather and the 80s tap revival meeting on Bamboozled, before isolating and analyzing a scene from each film as representative of the two styles of tap-dancing.Stormy Weather, by white handler Andrew L. Stone, follows the story of Bill Bojangles Robinsons character (Bill Williamson) as he makes his way to the top in show business.

Essay --

The Kaufman Assessment shelling for Children (KABC)The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children is designed by Alan Kaufman and Nadeen Kaufman in 1983 for assessing mental processing and cognitive ontogenesis in children. It was revised in 2004 as the KABC -II. First edition is employ for children between the ages of 2,5 and 12,5 whereas the revised edition is used for children and adolescents between 3 and 18 years of age.There are two theoratical models in KABC-II. They are the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) psychometric model of broad and narrow abilities and Lurias neuropsychological theory of processing. KABC-II consists of 18 subtests of two types core and supplemantary. These subtests are grouped into 4 or 5 scales according to age and model. Lurias model has Sequential Processing Scale, coincidental Processing Scale, Learning Ability and Planning Ability. CHC model has same scales and it renames them. They are Short Term Memory (Gsm), Visual Processing (Gv), presbyopic Term S torage and Retrieval (Glr) and Fluid Reasoning (Gf) respectively. Also it has integrity more scale which name is Know...

Hospice in the United States Essay -- Hospice Terminal Illnesses Cance

Hospice in the United States Hospice is a concept of feel for borrowed from medieval times, where travelers, pilgrims and the sick, wounded or dying could find rest and comfort. The contemporaneous hospice offers a program of attending to patients and families facing a life impending illness encompassing medical, nursing, spiritual, and psychological care. It is more than a medical alternative, it is an side toward death and the process of dying. Terminal disease is managed so patients can alive(p) comfortably until they die. The hospice program in the United States has evolved in part as an attempt to compensate for the inadequacies of the present medical system, particularly in lovingness for patients with a terminal illness. Hospice care has grown from an alternative health care movement to an established component of the American health care system. The modern hospice movement began in 1967 when Cicely Saunders opened St. Christophers Hospice in London England. In the new -fangled 1960s, several Yale University students invited Dr. Saunders to come speak at Yale. These students were inspired to create a similar service in the United States. They opened the Connecticut Hospice in Branford, Connecticut and pioneered the hospice movement in the United States. This became the nations starting specially designed hospice care center. What is Hospice care? In an attempt to answer, the innovation Health Organization (WHO) issued a statement in 1990 about the doctrine and techniques of hospice care. A.Hospice affirms life and regards dying as a normal process. B.Hospice neither hastens nor postpones death. C.Hospice provides imprint from pain and other distressing symptoms associated with dying. D.Hospice combines aspects of psychosocial and spiritual care. EHospice offers a wear system to help patients live as actively as viable until death. F.Hospice offers a support system to help the family cope during the patients illness and during the bereavement process. We can see that the hospice concept is a bio-psychosocial woo to the dying process, dreaded with biological, psychological, and social health. Because of its proponents, Hospice is considered a more humane and tender approach to terminal illness, combining care, comfort, and support of family and friends as the individual faces death. Their concern for dignity and fo... ...age dementia A national cartoon of hospice programs. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 43(1), 56-59Mesler, M. A., & Miller, P. J. (2000). Hospice and assisted suicide The structure and process of an inherent plight Death Studies, 24(2), 135-155Newsome, B. R., & Dickinson, G. E. (2000). Death experiences and hospice Perceptions of college students. Death Studies, 24(4), 335-341OConnor, P. (1999). Hospice vs. palliative care. Hospice Journal, 14(3/4), 123-137Paradis, L. F. (1984). Hospice program integrating An issue for policymakers. Death Education, 8(5-6), 383-398Russell, G. M. (1985) Ho spice programs and the hospice movement An investigation based on widely distributed systems theory Dissertation Abstracts International, 45(9), 3082Simson, S., & Wilson, L. B. (1986) Strategies for success An examination of the organizational development of too soon hospice programs. Hospice Journal, 2(2), 19-39World Health Organization. (1990). Hospice Facts On-line Available HTTP//www.cp-tel.net/pamnorth/facts.htmZehnder, P. W., & Royse, D. (1999) Attitudes toward assisted suicide A survey of hospice volunteers. Hospice Journal, 14(2), 49-63.

Man Vs. The Environment :: essays research papers

The environment wad be something as vast as global weather patterns or as simple as the desert regions. With the advent of human beingy technologies, the diffuse balance of the environment has been upset (Elliot, 1961, p. 392). Strip mining, slash and burn farming, damming of rivers, and the extinguishing of many species of plants and animals have all lead to the permanent changing of the environment. al one(a) more or less say the change is for good, and others say for the change is for worse, but what is good about the ozone hole, rising global temperatures, and over irrigation cause the spread of arid conditions in once fertile locations (Eitzen, 2000, p. 79). Is this interference the fault of the capitalist sys-tem or just the mortal man? In my opinion it is the fault of the man for having, the attitude of use what we need and do not worry about the concencuios. manhood started the raping of human race back when the first colonist made the long voyage across the Atla ntic to start their new life in America. errant burning of the forest was do to make way for the intruders&8217 villages, towns, and cities. Once estab-lished the settlers required more room for farms and bigger cities so again they pushed into the forest causing the Na-tive Americans and the wildlife to withdraw further into interior of the continent. Let us move forward-moving a hundred or so years in biography the settling of the American Great Plains. One of the big-gest violations of the environment was taking place, the buffalo hunters, and the extermination of the Native Ameri-cans and their culture. The Great Plains, before the arri-val of the buffalo hunter moldiness have been a remarkable sight. The countryside must have looked like it was a mov-ing carpet of bison. With over 60 million buffalo roaming the plains (Pendley, 1995,p. 124) at one time man saw this as a threat to its accomplish control of the continent, so he sent out his fingers of death, the buffalo hunt er. It was these &8220fingers that kill approximately 60 million of these ingenious creatures (Pendley, 1995, p. 125). The re-ward for this was given directly to the man in the form of money, moreover these men volunteered to shoot these help-less animals. Once done with the slaughtering of the bison man needed more land so that they could strip the earth of additional resources.