The Harrowing Story Of Harriet Jacobs - 1284 Words

The harrowing story of Harriet Jacobs experiences with slavery opens the reader’s eyes to the special cruelty women endured under the watchful eye of their masters and mistresses. And while Jacobs openly admits that slavery is terrible fate for both men and women, there are additional burdens added to women who are forced to live under the commands of another. Jacobs writes, â€Å"Slavery is terrible for men; but it is far more terrible for women. Superadded to the burden common to all, they have wrongs, and sufferings, and mortifications peculiarly their own.† This peculiar suffering Jacobs speaks of is often related to the morality of the soul, and the persistent pressure that women must endure under the control of their master, especially concerning rape and sexual harassment. Added on top of the physical punishment that all slaves experience, women, especially those born with beauty, suffer from moral failings when a master forces himself upon them. Furthermore, an additional pain women must endure, is that of motherhood. In a matriarchal society, women are responsible for the wellbeing of others, as was the case with Linda’s grandmother. Women has additional tethers to their lives which only serve to increase the pains of slavery. It is well known that black slaves in America faced many trials and tribulations, however, there are cruelties which women faced with the institution of slavery which were exclusive to their gender. For slave women, sexual harassment, and rapeShow MoreRelatedWomen Of A Slave Girl By Harriet Jacobs1256 Words   |  6 PagesHarriet Jacobs’s Incidents in the life of a Slave Girl allows Harriet Jacobs, speaking through the narrator, Linda Brent, to reveal her reasons for making public her personal story of enslavement, degradation, and sexual exploitation. Although originally ignored by critics, who often dismissed Jacobs story as a fictional account of slavery, today it is reported as the first novel na rrative by an ex-slave that reveals the unique brutalities inflicted on enslaved women. Gabby Reyes Am. History DrRead MoreLife of a Slave Girl and Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass1524 Words   |  6 PagesLife of a Slave Girl written by Harriet Jacobs and Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass both do a tremendous job of showing the harrowing effects of slavery. Jacobs and Douglass had to endure the hate of a society that despised their race and mistakenly encouraged the existence of slavery in society. These two stories present two different perspectives of people from the most oppressed groups in one of if not the darkest time in American history. Both stories while being incredibly dark andRead MoreIncidents During The Life Of A Slave Girl2296 Words   |  10 Pagesdeprivation inflicted on them by their white masters. Most of them told narratives and inspiring stories of a brutalized slave’s journey toward self-definition and self-assertion. Like many of these stories, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl narrates the abuses of slavery, the slave’s struggl e for self-definition and self-respect, and the harrowing details of a dangerous escape. However, Jacobs’s story also emphasizes the special problems faced by female slaves, particularly sexual abuse and theRead MoreIncidents In The Life Of A Slave Girl Summary1734 Words   |  7 Pageskindle a flame of compassion in your hearts for my sisters who are still in bondage.† With these words, Harriet Jacobs tells her reasons for deciding to make her personal story of enslavement public. Through this book, she is able to reveal the degradation, sexual exploitation, and unique brutalities of women in slavery in hopes to make a change. In the beginning years of her life, Linda Brent, Harriet Jacob’s surname for this book, was unaware of the fact that she was a slave but soon after, her lifeRead MoreThe Disturbing World Of Human Trafficking999 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Man is a wolf to man.† This Latin proverb starts the reader on a harrowing journey into the disturbing world of human trafficking. John Bowe speaks to the typical American as he investigates the often hidden and dangerous side of globalization. Humans have a natural desire to get ahead in life, even if sometimes others have to suffer as a result. This attitude is the catalyst for what is known as modern day slavery. The author sums up his book perfectly when he says, â€Å"We all seek control. ControlRead MoreThe Role of Mother for Slave Women in Harriet Jacobs ´ Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl and Harriet Beecher Stowe ´s Uncle Tom ´s Cabin3385 Words   |  14 Pagesdefines a stage in womans life that should be a pleasant and happy experience, but thats not the case for everybody. The dehumanizing acts of slavery are eminent in many novels, such as Incidents in the Life of Slave Girl by Harriet Jacobs and Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe. In these novels, slave women were not suppose to enjoy the role of mother. It was either physically taken away or their mother instincts were brutally effected. Slave mothers had to face many consequences and sacrifices

Racial Profiling And The United States - 944 Words

Ever Since being forced to the united states as slaves blacks have been exposed to racism and legal discrimination citizens of African descent in the United States living threw things like Jim crow laws which were laws set to legally separate blacks like they were lesser to white citizens, or dealing acts of terror by groups like the KKK or other racist whites. And most importantly going through slavery which heavily set blacks back. Black men as a whole in society are believed to have the toughest time. They are often portrayed by society to be hoodlums or thugs when in reality that’s a small percentage, society lets a small amount represent the larger body. According to the Washington Post â€Å"African Americans are 13% of the country s population, but they are 62.7% of convicted drug users/dealers. Caucasians are 80% of the country s population, they are the majority of drug users/dealers but only 36.7% of them are locked up† this is a direct result of racial profi ling and discrimination. We as a society need to improve and bring awareness to the topic of male males being profiled and discriminated against. There’s a lot of buzz surrounding 3 recent national events going on dealing with black males being innocently murdered. The Males murdered where Trayvon Martin, Michael Brown, and Eric Gardener all three unarmed and killed by the police. Trayvon Martin, a Miami native, was visiting his father in Sanford. That evening, Martin walked out to the nearby 7-Eleven to getShow MoreRelatedRacial Profiling : The United States Essay1326 Words   |  6 PagesRacial Profiling The United States of America, a country founded on diversity, remains ingrained with hypocritical ideas with respect to its very foundations of freedom and independence. America shows no mercy in the prejudice actions towards its minorities. The United States of America contributes greatly towards the injustice of minorities and giving privilege towards its â€Å"native† people yet not all â€Å"natives† are greatly loved in the country as Neil Foley, author of Becoming Hispanic: MexicanRead MoreRacial Profiling And The United States1348 Words   |  6 PagesIn today’s world we deal with multiple cases of racial profiling seemingly on a daily basis. Turn on the television, check the internet, or simply have a discussion with someone and you’ll hear about it. Racial Profiling describes discriminatory practices by law enforcement officials who target people for suspicion of crime based on their ethnicity, race, origin, or religion. The term first came about during the War on Drugs in the 1970’s and 1980’s when law enforcement were accused of pullingRead MoreRacial Profiling And The United States1111 Words   |  5 Pagesbrutality on these individuals solely based on the ethnicity they possess. Racial profiling can be said to be synonymous with stereotypes. In fact, as Gross states, â€Å"In 1999, 81 percent of surveyors in a national poll agreed that racial profiling was an issue in the United States. â€Å"From Samuel R. Gross, â€Å"Racial Profiling Under Attack†, (June 2002): 1413. However, there is no end in sight, 16 years later, and the United States is still the same. On September 11, 2001 America was in shock because ofRead MoreRacial Profiling And The United States1465 Words   |  6 PagesRacial Profiling Racial Profiling is just what it is. Targeting individuals for suspicion of a violation determined by the individual’s race, ethnicity, religion or national origin. Race and location are the supreme characteristics law enforcement visually examine when engaging in this type of profiling. African-American males are the primary victims of racial profiling in the United States. The phrase â€Å"driving while black† derive from African Americans protesting that they are pulled over by policeRead MoreRacial Profiling And The United States1657 Words   |  7 PagesThe 11th of September, 2001 was a momentous day in American history. 19 members of the terrorist group Al-Qaeda hijacked American Airlines Flight 11 United Airlines Flight 175, and crashed into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City. Hijackers crashed the third plane into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. The fourth jet, United Airlines Flight 93, crashed into a field near Shanksville, Penn sylvania. Nearly 3,000 people lost their lives on 9/11 due to the terrorist attacks onRead MoreRacial Profiling And The United States1160 Words   |  5 Pagesby police and many other people for committing crimes. This is called racial profiling, and it is an issue going on around us. Some considers racial profiling a new phenomenon, and it is important to examine it because it is a foundational aspect of law and law enforcement in the United States. Glover in the book Racial Profiling: Research, Racism, and Resistance defines racial profiling in contemporary times â€Å"as the use of racial and or ethnic status as the determinant factor in decision to stop motoristRead MoreRacial Profiling And The United States2227 Words   |  9 Pagessociety. This is the mind frame of the average American in the United States. Every African American individual in this country who has traveled, walked to the store at night or simply going shopping, either knowingly or unknowingly has been a victim of some type of racial profiling. People need to realize that racial profiling happens very often to innocent people that are targeted based on race and sometimes religion. Racial profiling can be defined as when an individual is stopped or detained becauseRead MoreRacial Profiling A nd The United States1949 Words   |  8 Pages Racial Profiling Post 9/11 Rusat Ramgopal CRJBS 101 John Jay College Professor Gary Wright August 4, 2016 Racial Profiling Post 9/11 On September 11, 2001, nineteen hijackers associated with the terrorist group Al-Qaeda attacked the United States. They flew two planes into the World Trade Center and also attacked the Pentagon resulting inRead MoreRacial Profiling And The United States2903 Words   |  12 PagesRacial profiling still exists in America. Racial profiling refers to law enforcement strategies and practices that single out individuals as objects of suspicion solely on the basis of mainly their race. Prejudice and racial profiling of law enforcement is responsible for many false arrests, convictions, and countless deaths of blacks in the United States. This is one of the main difficulties of life and obstacles minorities have to face in their life because for one they are a minority and twoRead MoreRacial Profiling And The United States1883 Words   |  8 PagesRacial profiling remains a dormant issue in the United States. It is the act of the authority, mostly, police officers linking minority sta tus to criminal behaviour (Glover, 2007). Several police officers in the United States target specific groups because they don’t display characteristics of typical Caucasian individuals (Glover, 2007). To put history into context, before 9/11, not many police officers profiled individuals based on their ethnic backgrounds but after the attack, there was an increase

Principle of Intergenerational and Intra-Generational Equity

Question: Describe about the Principle of intergenerational and intra-generational equity under international environmental law? Answer: Introduction: We used to hear from our parents and grandparents that at their time the world was different, the atmosphere at that time was much better, the taste of fruits and vegetables were better and there was no such hot weather like now days, and many other things. Even if we can remember our childhood, we will be able to differentiate that world from this one. This indicates that over the timeframe, we are going through lots of changes on daily basis. Throughout this study, such changes have been explored with reference to intergenerational and intra-generational equity under international environmental law. Getting Tired of Never-Ending Assignments? Hire an Expert from MyAssignmenthelp and Get the Necessary Assignment Help at a Reasonable Rate. Research aims: So, a question arises that what has happened to the world now, why the world is changing? How do we can keep the earth in a stable and good condition? The answer lies in two concepts, those are, the concept of Intergenerational Equity and intra-generational equity. These principals deal with using of earths resources for this generation and for the future generation, and its impact upon the state of earth. This equitable principals are based upon the concept of sustainable development, it means using of earths resources in such a manner that it can meet the present needs as well as the future needs of the living creatures. Research Objectives: These principals are universally acceptable. In this regard another ambiguity may arise that whether these principals are soft laws or customary international laws. A famous phrase is used in this respect, that is common but differentiated responsibilities this principals signifies valuable perspective in respect of controversies in relation to the environment and economic developments. Background of the problem: Sustainable development provides not only man made wealth but it also provides wealth made by nature. It also concern about the quality of life of the human beings, man-made wealth continues improvement of quality of life but it must be supported by the natural wealth. Sustainable development was introduced for the first time by the United Nations with a view to accomplish three aspects of development, those are, environmental protection, economic development and social development, this is affirmed by the United Nation Development Program. United Nation concentrating on managing and protecting the natural resources for the development of social and economical aspects, this is much required to accomplish the goals of the concept of sustainable development. One of the primary object of the concept of intergenerational equity is the development of resources by one generation enhance the opportunity of economic sustainability for the future generation. Literature review: Intergenerational Equity: It signifies the rights and interests of the present and future generation regarding the renewable and non renewable resources of earth. Many contemporary international instruments deals with the use of the resources available and to make them available for future generation. Peoples have recognized the value and importance of the resources available and what may happened in future if the resources will not be available. The concept of sustainable development has been introduced which refers the use of resources should be done in such a manner that those resources shall also be available to meet the future needs. United Nation General Assembly has defined sustainable development as the development which meets the needs of the present without compromising with the availability of resources to meet the needs of the future generation. Sustainable development provides not only man made wealth but it also provides wealth made by nature. It also concern about the quality of life of the human beings, man-made wealth continues improvement of quality of life but it must be supported by the natural wealth. Sustainable development was introduced for the first time by the United Nations with a view to accomplish three aspects of development, those are, environmental protection, economic development and social development, this is affirmed by the United Nation Development Program. United Nation concentrating on managing and protecting the natural resources for the development of social and economical aspects, this is much required to accomplish the goals of the concept of sustainable development. One of the primary object of the concept of intergenerational equity is the development of resources by one generation enhance the opportunity of economic sustainability for the future generation. Intergenerational equity contains inter-temporal implications in respect of the utilization of the resources, it tends to a fair utilization of resources by human generations in past, present and future, it tries to construct a balance of consumption of resources by existing societies and the future generations. Inter-temporal aspects tries to make a balance between the distribution of resources and recycling of resources to a good extend, which is a very concerning issue due to the growing degradation of environment and depletion of resources. This concept has been supported by the domestic laws, The decision of the Supreme court of Philippines in the case of Minors Oposa v Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, was that each generation has the responsibility for future generations to preserve natural resources for full enjoyment of the natural ecology. The concept of intergenerational equity promotes socio-economic development and it makes a bridge betwee n social and economic development with environmental protection. The development of sustainable development as a customary international law is also has been described by the Vice President of ICJ, in Gabeikovo-Nagvmaros Project, they claimed that sustainable development is not a concept, it is far ahead of that, as it has become the modern customary international law. 3rd principal of Rio declaration mentioned about the concept of intergenerational equity, it was stated that development must be done in such a manner, as it equably meet the environmental and developmental needs of the present as well as the future generation. The main object of this principal is that to make sure the rights of the future generation upon the non-renewable resources, which might be abused by the present generation. 15th Principal of the Rio declaration has been documented as the most significant part as to sustainable development; it states that as per the capabilities of the states, precautionary steps should be taken by the states to ensure the protection of the environment. Any stride which may cause environmental degradation should be neglected. In other words it can be said that the legislation and the appropriate government is empowered to prevent and attack the reasons of environmental degradation. In the 16th Principal of the Rio declaration it is stated that the National Powers should emphasis the promotion of the internationalization of environmental cost and the use of fiscal instrument, in principal, the polluter should be responsible for the restoration of such pollution and the polluter may be compelled to compensate for that environmental degradation. Intra-generational Equity: Intra-generational equity is different from intergenerational equity. it deals with the equality among the same generations as far as the utilization of resources are concern. It includes fair utilization of global resources among the human beings of the present generation. The concept of intra-generational equity provides rights and duties to every person of a single generation to use and take care of the renewable and non renewable resources moderately among the members of the generation. In a developing country like India the rule of itragenerational equity is applicable to certain extend, as in this kind of developing countries more resources are required for development of the country and to ensure economic stability. Industrialization is the key for the development of these countries which requires more and more renewable and non renewable resources, in that that the legislature must enact strict environmental laws in relation to the implementation of the rules specified in the doctrine of intra-generational equity, and it must be firmly interpreted by the judiciary system of the nation. The administration of every country must be very conscious regarding the implementation of the rules framed by the legislature in relation to the protection of environment and the laws related to the execution of the rules in respect of the intra-generational equity. The resources which are not preserved for the future generation and are available for the current generation must be equally distributed among all the members of the present generation. To a certain extend it becomes very difficult regulate those resources among all the members of the generation due to national territories, international provinces, condition of the international society and many more, but it may be done impliedly, globalization can make things better and easier for proper implementation of the doctrine. Intergenerational equity and intra-generational equity both requires sustainability. Proper distribution of renewable and non-renewable resources is the key of the concept of sustainable development. Where intergenerational equity tries to distribute among present and future generation; intra-generational equity deals with the distribution of resources between the members of the same generation. Due to the lack of proper execution of the doctrine of sustainable development, the present environment of the entire earth is in question, the rule of intergenerational equity and intra-generational equity must be followed to save the world from the present situation, global warming is one of the main reasons for degradation of the environment, it not only harms the environment of earth but also injures surviving ability of the living creature. Methodology: The study followed qualitative analysis to evaluate both intergenerational equity and intra-generational equity, in the context of environmental law. Here, various past research works have been examined to reach into a meaningful conclusion. Analysis: The judicial system of every country is also empowered to promote the canon of sustainable development. Lagislature of every country has introduced many enactment as laws for protection and restoration of environmental degradation, by virtue of that the judiciary plays a very significant role in interpreting those enactments in relation to the doctrine of Sustainable development. In India, most number of cases relating to environment comes before the Ld. Courts Under Art. 226 and Art. 32 of the Constitution, which refers writ petitions which is also known as Public Interest Litigation (PIL), the first case on which the Ld. Court has emphasizes its jurisdiction in relation to sustainable development in the case of Vellore Citizen Welfare Forum vs. Union Of India, in this case the Supreme court held that there is no vacillation in promoting the precautionary principal and the polluter pays principal, these are also the part of the environmental laws in India. The court also held that making compensation by the polluter is also a part of the doctrine of sustainable development. A principal arises from Veil Of Ignorance by Rawls, that from the actual position every generation has the responsibility to defend the renewable and non renewable resources for those the original position would not get into knowledge, which generation they are going to be a part of. Every state should enhance the environmental policies in such a manner that it does not unfavorably affect the development of undeveloped and developing countries, in present as well as in the future it is also not authorized to hamper the better conditions for living for all. Conclusion: Proper distribution of renewable and non-renewable resources are not enough to ensure the environmental security, proper disposal of those resources after utilization and recycling of the available resources are also very much important for execution of the laws framed for the protection of environment and promotion of sustainable development. Sustainable development now become necessity for the present condition of the earth, otherwise our future generation shall be deprived of the resources and facilities, which we are availing for us, the resources available for our generation are to be equally distributed among all of us as the member of the current generation. Intergenerational and intra-generational equity are two hands of the doctrine of sustainable equity, the concept of intra-generational equity posses a procedure in respect of the allocation of resources among the members of a generation. References 3 Allan V Kneese,. in , , 1988. Baker, S,Sustainable development. in , London, Routledge, 2006. Carlisle, A, 'The United Nations Conference on The Human Environment Stockholm 1972'. inThe Forestry Chronicle, 48, 1972, 118-118. Cooper, D, J Palmer,The environment in question. in , London, Routledge, 1992. Dasgupta, S, T Mitra, 'Intergenerational Equity and Efficient Allocation of Exhaustible Resources'. inInternational Economic Review, 24, 1983, 133. Diwan, P, P Diwan,Environment administration, law and judicial attitude. in , New Delhi, Deep Deep Publications, 1992. Galli, R, 'The United Nations Development Program, "Development," and Multinational Corporations'. inLatin American Perspectives, 3, 1976, 65-85. Islam, S, A Jolley, 'Sustainable development in Asia: the current state and policy options'. inNatural Resources Forum, 20, 1996, 263-279. Kiss, A, D Shelton,Guide to international environmental law. in , Boston, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2007. Minors Oposa v Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. in , , 1994. Pagell, M, S Dobson, I Gavronski, 'Sustainable Operations'. inScholarpedia, 5, 2010, 10421. Rambousky, R, M Weiss, H Mysz, M Moske, K Samwer, 'Structural Relaxation and Viscous Flow in Amorphous ZrAlCu Above and Below the Glass Transition Temperature'. inMSF, 225-227, 1996, 83-88. Rijadi, D,Marine pollution from tanker oil spills in the Straits of Malacca. in , , 1994. 'The law and administration relating to protection of the environment'. in , 6, 1974, 75. Thornton, J, S Beckwith,Environmental law. in , London, Sweet Maxwell, 1997. Tiwari, H,Environmental law. in , Faridabad, Allahabad Law Agency, 2005. Un.org, 'A/RES/42/187 Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development'. in , , 2007, https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/42/ares42-187 [accessed 10 February 2015]. Vellore Citizen Welfare Forum vs. Union Of India. in , , 1996. Vojnovic, I, 'Intergenerational and Intragenerational Equity Requirements for Sustainability'. inEnvir. Conserv., 22, 1995, 223. Vojnovic, I, 'Intergenerational and Intragenerational Equity Requirements for Sustainability'. inEnvir. Conserv., 22, 1995, 223. Weiss, E, 'Our Rights and Obligations to Future Generations for the Environment'. inThe American Journal of International Law, 84, 1990, 198.

Patella Syndrome A Critical Discussion

Definition Background Information Patella syndrome, also known as patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFS), has been defined in the literature as â€Å"retropatellar or peripatellar pain resulting from physical and biochemical changes in the patellofemoral joint† (Mark Juhn 2012).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Patella Syndrome: A Critical Discussion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Patella syndrome qualifies as the commonest cause of chronic knee pain, with current research studies demonstrating that it is triggered by a deformity in how the kneecap (patella) glides over the lower end of the femur or the thigh bone (Witvrouw et al 123). Although there has been intense debate about the causes of patella syndrome, with some researchers suggesting that one of the likely causes is the maltracking of the patella on the femur as a direct consequence of a discrepancy in the activity of the vastus medialis oblique r elative to the vastus medialis (Fagan Delahunt 790), consensus is still lacking about the actual causes of the syndrome (Mark Juhn 2012). The patella is undoubtedly â€Å"the largest sesamoid bone of the skeleton that is formed and located within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle† (Bongers et al 302). Owing to certain physical and biochemical shifts in the patellofemoral joint, including weight overload and overuse (Mark Juhn 2015), the quadriceps (thigh) muscle is unable to pull the patella up over the end of the femur in a straight line, hence allowing the underside of the patella to grate along the femur to cause chronic inflammation and pain which worsens when patients engage in an activity such as descending steps or hills (Vicenzino et al 1-2). The pain and inflammation can also be caused by prolonged sitting. Signs or Symptoms Most studies in the medical, sports and physical therapy literature describe symptoms of subtle commencement, such as vague discomf ort of the inner knee area which may affect one or both knees and is worsened by extreme physical activity, running, jogging, descending a stairway, bending, stooping, or by prolonged sitting with knees in a somewhat bent position.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Congenital knee dislocation due to sustained loss of quadriceps strength (Percin 705-706), as well as knee swellings (Moyano et al 411), are also possible symptoms of patella syndrome. Many patients of patella syndrome also present with strength deficit of the quadriceps (decreased knee extensor strength), which is normally exhibited in terms of hypotrophy of the quadriceps muscle, selective hypotrophy of the vastus medialis obliquus (VMO), neuromuscular timing dysfunction as well as low muscular flexibility along the kneecap area (Witvrouw et al 126-128). Contradictions One common contradiction regarding patella syndr ome, according to available literature, is that the patella (knee cap) can only move in an up-and-down direction, implying that it cannot tilt sideways or even rotate. However, the correct position is that the patella â€Å"also tilts and rotates, so there are various points of contact between the undersurface of the patella and the femur† (Mark Juhn 2016). Owing to this capability of the Patella to tilt and rotate, researchers in the fields of medicine, sports and physical therapy are of the opinion that the repetitive contact between the underside of the kneecap and the thigh bone, as well as the maltracking of the kneecap that is often not noticeable by the naked eye, are the most probable triggering mechanisms for patella syndrome among physically active people (Dolak et al 562). The result of these dynamics is the classic presentation of retropatellar and peripatellar pain, which is often confused with pain that occurs directly on the patellar tendon, also known as pate llar tendonitis (Mark Juhn 2016). The two conditions come from different backgrounds and are triggered by diverse musculoskeletal dynamics, hence the contradiction.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Patella Syndrome: A Critical Discussion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The last contradiction is that patella syndrome is often confused with chondromalacia; however, this is a wrong perception since patella syndrome describes a condition where an individual experiences retropatellar or peripatellar pain resulting from physical and biochemical shifts in the patellofemoral joint, whereas chondromalacia describes the tangible fraying and damage to the underlying patellar cartilage (Moyano et al 410). Prevention Extant literature demonstrates that athletes and other sports personalities can prevent patella syndrome by having at their disposal knowledge about the contributing factors, which include overuse and overload of the patellofemoral joint, biomechanical issues and muscular dysfunction (Moyano et al 410-411). Emerging literature also suggests that it is possible to prevent the occurrence of patella syndrome by undertaking a proper warm up before vigorous physical exercises, varying the types of activities that athletes participate in to keep fit (e.g., alternating running and swimming rather than running everyday), taking care of injuries immediately, icing of kneecaps for ten to twenty minutes after physical activity (Dolak et al 561-562; Mark Juhn 2014-2017). Rehabilitation It is indicated in the medical and physical therapy literature that under the strict guidance from a qualified trainer or medical doctor, patients can use one or multiple rehabilitation methodologies available, such as knee sleeves, braces, tapes, low-intensity physical exercises, arch supports, custom orthotics and surgery (Mark Juhn 2014-2017). Although the use of knee sleeves and braces to rehabilitate patients with patella syndrome is shrouded in controversy, the tools are to a large extent beneficial as they hold the patella into position and keep it from deviating too laterally. In rehabilitating patients, however, the common practice is that knee sleeves and braces should not outpace or substitute therapeutic exercises. Rehabilitation can also be effected by taping the patella (kneecap) in a particular position not only to reduce friction between the underside of the patella and the lower end of the femur, but also to offer short-term pain relief (Mark Juhn 2014).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Low intensity physical exercises such as stretching and stationary bicycling act to rehabilitate patients suffering from patella syndrome by strengthening the quadriceps and hamstring muscle to more comfortably be able to hold the patella in place. Indeed, extant literature demonstrates that â€Å"quad sets† act as the foundation for a rehabilitation program, where patients with this syndrome are encouraged to contract their thigh muscles with their legs in a straight orientation and to hold the contraction for a count of ten (Moyano et al 410). Athletes should experience a speedy recovery and return to full functionality in sports if they optimise these exercises by doing a minimum of ten contractions between fifteen and twenty times per day (Mark Juhn 2016). Moving on, it is evident that arch supports and custom orthotics can be helpful not only in reducing the chronic pain associated with patella syndrome, but also in enhancing lower extremity biomechanics by thwarting ov erpronotion in pes planus and by availing a wider base of support for the normal or pes cavus foot (Mark Juhn 2016; Vicenzino et al 2). However, these authors further note that although custom orthotics are relatively expensive compared to over-the-counter arch supports, it is yet to be established whether they provide greater and superior efficacy when used to rehabilitate athletes with patella syndrome. Footwear should not be left behind in any attempt to rehabilitate an athlete from the devastating effects of patella syndrome. Within the sports domain, physical therapists and trainers are in agreement that the quality and age of footwear are more fundamental than the manufacturer or the brand name (Mark Juhn 2017). It would benefit the physician to have patients use quality running shoes from reputable footwear stores as they the go about their healing process to reduce unnecessary pressure in the knee area. Reconstructive surgery can also be done on the affected knee, but this should be considered a last resort (Vicenzino et al 11). Appropriate Exercises The physician or physical therapist should work closely with the patient to develop an all inclusive training regimen that not only focus on strengthening the quadriceps muscles, but also stretching the hip, hamstring, calf and iliotibial band (Mark Juhn 2017). Quadriceps strengthening can be achieved through low-resistance stationary bicycling, pool running or flutter-kick swimming, whereas correct kneecap positioning can be achieved using EMG biofeedback machines as well as exercises in water using a Buoyancy Aid. In addition, the physical therapist should evaluate the possibility of introducing the patient to closed-chain exercises (where the sole of the patient’s foot is in sublime contact with an even surface) such as the squat and leg-press exercises, with the view stabilizing the thigh muscle and other ligaments that holds the kneecap into position hence successfully dealing with the probl em of loose quadriceps (Vicenzino et al 6). These exercises, though appropriate, must only be undertaken in a secure, pain-free range of motion and under the direct regulation of a qualified physical therapist or any other qualified personnel (Moyano et al 413; Dolak et al 561). Lastly, patients should be encouraged to reduce knee activity by undertaking relative rest. Exercises to Avoid People with patella syndrome must at all times avoid traditional knee extension exercises that only serve to worsen the situation by directing excessive force/weight into the patellofemoral joint. Exercises such as intense running and jogging should also be avoided as they tend to increase friction between the patella and the lower end of the femur (Vicenzino et al 6). Works Cited Bongers, E.M.H.F., van Kampen, A., van Bokhoven, H. and Knoers, N.V.A.M. (2005). Human Syndromes with Congenital Patellar Anomalies and Underlying Gene Defects. 302-319. Netherlands. Dolak, Kimberly L, Silkman Carrie, McKe on Medina Jennifer, Hosey Robert G., Lattermann Christian and Uhl Timothy L. (2011). Hip Strengthening Prior to Functional Exercises Reduces Pain Sooner than Quadriceps Strengthening in Females with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial. 560-570. United States of America. Fagan, V. and Delahunt, E. (2008). Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: A Review on the Associated Neuromuscular Deficits and Current Treatment Options. 789-795. Ireland. Mark, S. and Juhn D.O. (1999). Patellofemoral pain syndrome: A review of guidelines for treatment. 2012-2018. United Kingdom. Moyano, F. Revelles, Valenza M.C., Martin L. Martin, Cabellero Y. Castellote, Gonzalez-Jimenez E. and Demet G. Valenza. Effectiveness of Different Exercises and Streching Physiotherapy on Pain and Movement in Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: A Randomised Controlled Trial. 409-417. Spain. Percin, Ferda E., Bulut Sema, Kunt Tanfer, Percin Sitki, Bulut Okay and Sungu Selma. (1999). Waardenburg Syndrome Type 1 and Sma ll Patella Syndrome in the Same Patient. 704-706. Turkey. Vicenzino, Bill, Collins Natalie, Crossley Kay, Beller Elaine, Darnell Ross and McPoil Thomas. (2008). Foot Orthoses and Physiotherapy in the Treatment of Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome. A Randomised Clinical Trial. 1-12. Australia. Witvrouw. Eric, Werner S., Mikkelsen, C., van Tiggelen, D.V., Berghe, Vanden L., and Cerulli G. (2005). Clinical classification of patellofemoral pain syndrome: Guidelines for non-operative treatment. 122-130. Italy. This essay on Patella Syndrome: A Critical Discussion was written and submitted by user Aal1yah to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.